Tally

TALLY . ERP9 FEATURES Advantages of Tally. ERP 9: †¢ Powerful remote capabilities that boost collaboration †¢ Easy to find qualified personnel †¢ Easy to customize †¢ Low cost of ownership via quick implementation, Tally Integrator, Support Centre†¦ Functions & Features: Accounting All your accounting requirements are supported and more. Accounting, also known as bookkeeping, is the recording and classifying of financial transactions into the books of accounts and associated registers.Let us look at the some of the ‘needs' for which businesses maintain books of accounts: †¢ To fulfill legal requirements – records as per standards and practices †¢ To pay taxes to various bodies – statutory needs †¢ Keep the business running – manage receivables & payable, cash, bank†¦ †¢ Keep a watch on the pulse of the organization – key performance indicators †¢ Respond to queries – to locate the right tr ansaction immediatelyWe have been perfecting this ‘simple' recording – accounting – from over twenty years. All this to deliver better, faster and more flexible ways to fulfill your needs, not just maintain books of accounts. A few examples will illustrate: †¢ With the entry of a voucher (this is what we call all accounting transactions) all books of accounts, all reports, all totals & sub-totals are updated instantly.There is nothing more that needs to be done – whether you are inserting a forgotten entry, or correcting one †¢ Taxation requirements of all the states of India are available, in the prescribed formats †¢ Supporting tasks like reminder letters, delayed interest, ageing, bank reconciliation †¢ One single dashboard to look at all important business ratios †¢ Drill down from any report, even the Balance Sheet, right to any voucher or filter and search †¢ Data entry in the language of the users choice – and re port in any other language (from the languages supported) †¢ Mark vouchers that are draft as ‘optional' and convert these to final- with one button click Financial Management & Controls Tally. ERP 9 comes with rich features & financial reports that give you the necessary management and control of your business. A few of these are listed below: †¢ Funds Flow & Cash Flow reports – help you ocate bottlenecks †¢ Bank reconciliation – keeps your bank books in sync, and identify unclear instruments †¢ Customer Credit Limits – to limit risk of default and large losses †¢ Budgets – keep tabs on projected expenses against actuals †¢ Mark vouchers postdated – these will reflect into the books of accounts only on/after that date †¢ For needs where reports have to consider a transaction that has not happened (say salaries for this month that get paid the next month) vouchers (called ‘reversing journals') can be ma rked to ‘disappear' for reports post a specific date †¢ â€Å"Scenario† management – helps you with your business forecasting and planning. You can use optional, reversing journals and memorandum vouchers, to aid in recording provisional entries that are useful for interim reports †¢ Multiple inventory valuation. You can decide one valuation method for the business, and be able generate financial reports using any other valuation method – as the statutory method may not be appropriate for your needs, your bankers and for other decisions †¢ Cash balances can go negative – you can get warned if this is about to happen, or see reports and make the necessary corrections Several business exceptions are available (negative stocks, negative ledgers) – for you to exercise control over these activities †¢ A one-screen business ratios with drill down right up to the transactions – help you to correct course frequently †¢ Item wise & document wise profitability statements to control revenue leakage and inappropriate pricing †¢ Internal audits are supported with audit controls – authorized users can mark vouchers as ‘audited' and can get to see reports on changes made post audit, and the name of the person making the change Inventory Accounting & Management If you deal in goods, of any type, you'll appreciate the Inventory capabilities in Tally. ERP 9.You can comprehensively record all types of inventory transactions, using goods receipt notes, delivery notes, stock journals, manufacturing journals and physical stock journals. All stock movements are fully recorded and maintained in stock registers. Developed for all manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers or traders a small list of features are briefly described below: Manufacturers: †¢ Bill of materials and Manufacturing Journals, to record material conversions †¢ Compound bill of materials support, for units that conta in assemblies †¢ Multiple locations (go downs) †¢ Excise for manufacturers, including all documentation and invoice †¢ Costing for jobsDistributors ; Wholesalers: †¢ Multiple price lists, with effective dates of applicability †¢ Use multiple units of measure (say KG's & grams) †¢ Dual units of measure (say KG's and bags, to support variations as happens in commodities) Traders: †¢ High speed billing, with support for POS printers †¢ Bar code support †¢ Automatic application of taxes †¢ Service billing ; service tax †¢ Integrated sales return in bills †¢ Print bills (and any other document) in the customers language Common: †¢ You can choose to de-link the computed inventory value to automatically appear in your financial statements – and enter this figure manually. †¢ Stock ageing reports, to identify slow and non-moving stocks †¢ Invoice profitability reports to keep a pulse on sales †¢ Multi-cur rency transactions – buy and sell across the world – with integrated forex gain/loss calculations †¢ Physical stock take records to adjust physical vs. actual stocks †¢ Maintain batch ; expiry details Purchases ; Payable's: from Order to Payment Tally. Read also Recording General Fund Operating Budget and Operating TransactionsERP 9 delivers the entire purchase cycle whether the need is the complete purchase order goods receipt – rejections & returns – advances, debits & payments or a single payment entry, fulfilling all needs. To ensure that you have the right stocks and minimize carrying costs, Tally. ERP 9 delivers the following to improve purchase orders: †¢ Define Re-order levels as a definite number or based on consumption †¢ Define minimum quantity to order as a definite number or based on consumption †¢ Pull up a report that shows the stock position, including complete details of open purchase orders, sales orders that need to be fulfilled – check on past purchase history, and then place orders †¢ Optionally stagger delivery dates in the POWhen receiving goods: †¢ Make entries in accordance with supporting documentation, including errors your suppliers could have made (say of mu ltiplication & round off) †¢ Incorporate additional costs †¢ Automatically manage input taxes †¢ Flexibility allows receipt of goods, quantities and rates different from that ordered – since this is common in real life †¢ Record samples & free items (using different ‘actual' & ‘billed' quantities) †¢ Multiple receipts for one order or one receipt for multiple orders, or against verbal orders In case there is a need to add other costs (say coolie and cartage) these additional charges can be apportioned to the cost of goods purchased. Supplied goods may not match your needs and these are managed by the ‘Rejections Out' inventory voucher. Supplier dues, input taxes and inventory positions are updated.Suppliers often indicate likely profits, which may not be met. In case such assurances are made, you can look at Item profitability reports, and get the facts right. You could then negotiate a rebate and record this as a debit note. Keep ta bs of how much is due to whom, when. Manage advances, payable s & postdated checks. Ensure there are no errors in payments – print checks from Tally. ERP 9. Sales & Receivables: from Order to Receipt The lifeline of a business, efficiencies in sales operations, both of goods & services, directly impact growth and profitability. The need to optimize and keep a close watch here requires exceptional capabilities from your business IT system – and Tally.ERP 9 meets these demands. The sales process is supported with the following documents: †¢ Quotations – records of quotes †¢ Sales orders – accepted customer orders †¢ Deliver Notes – documents that accompany goods †¢ Sales Invoices/Cash Bill – to record the sale †¢ Credit Notes – for financial adjustments †¢ Rejections in – for goods returns †¢ Receipts – for advances and receipts Do you have cash sales (sales across the counter)? With supp ort for Point of Sale printers, bar codes and receipts in multiple tenders, you POS enable your business at no additional cost. Product sales may come with added services – and the integrated product & service billing will close this.Enforce credit limits, where needed. Along with the Payment Performance of Debtors report you can identify persistent problems and take necessary business decisions. Interest for delays & reminder letters aid in collection. For businesses engaged in Excisable goods, you get full support for Excise for Traders & Manufacturing Excise – matter of fact a business could be both! Make multiple deliveries from one order, or one from multiple orders – this common need is available across all documents of the sales process. Do you have multiple classes of customers? You can easily setup multiple prices (even in advance and specify the date from which they are effective).Discounts against the line, or for the document, additional charges as a percentage or lump sum, automatic round off of bill totals, automatic computation of VAT & Service tax, returns & exchanges are all available. Need to verify that you are making the desired sales margins? Item wise and bill wise profitability reports will help you keep tabs. Multi-company A set of account books represents a ‘company' in Tally. ERP 9. Therefore, if you decide to maintain your personal accounts you would create a ‘company'. Many businesses do have more than one legal entity – and so will require multi-company support. Since each company is a distinct ‘data base', building technical support for this is not difficult.However, with multiple companies, several needs often arise beyond the mere facility to record transactions that need to be addressed,. Principally, you would like to look at consolidated reports since these are often more meaningful to you than statutory reports of each company individually. You can therefore ‘group' compani es and have the reporting ability as if this were a ‘company'. You could also ‘group' these on demand or as required. So Partner A, could group companies in which he is a partner (say Companies P, Q ; R) and Partner B could have a group with Companies Q, R ; Y. With multiple companies, you would probably need to compare them to see relative figures. In Tally.ERP 9, while seeing a report for Company P, you could pull up another column alongside that shows figures from Company Q (and any more companies). You can now continue to drill down the report and continue to see these comparisons. Quiet often with multiple companies, the need arises to create the same ledgers ; post transactions to more than one company. This can be accomplished with the click of a few keys – you save immense time by not having to re-enter data and avoid data entry errors. In special circumstances, where there are needs like a Purchase Order entry becoming a Sales Order in another company, ou r Service Partners will be able to work with you, understand specific requirements and build a solution around the Data Synchronization capability.Security: With multiple companies, possibly including personal accounts, you may need to control who gets access to which companies, and to do what. You can set up users, grant or deny access and these are defined for each company. Remote Access: You choose to specify which company is accessible remotely. You choose which remote users have access; you decide what access a remote user gets. Central User Management: Users come and go. You might also have a password policy requiring users to change passwords every few weeks. You can take advantage of the ease of central user and password management that Tally. NET identities carry – and even remotely manage these while not in office. Multi-Period A ‘financial year' is truly suited to business reporting and statutory needs.In reality, business spans across financial years, so â⠂¬Ëœreal needs' get constrained by these financial periods. As an example, receivables (Sundry Debtors) is an area that is frequently plagued by ‘confusion' the need to send reminders, resend statements of accounts and persistent follow up – may require that you need to look at figures from date ‘x' to date ‘y' – and one or more financial periods can be between these two dates. With Tally. ERP 9, you can specify any date range and perform any operation that you need to. Comparison of Periods, say Q2 this year vs. Q2 last year, often required for shareholder and statutory reporting are easily accomplished. You may also need to break up periods into smaller chunks, instead of the ‘year'.While looking at the reports, you can instantly view them broken into periods of your choice (daily, monthly, quarterly etc). For studying trends, locating unusual figures, or comparing activities for different periods, this is invaluable. Take the case of budgets. Say for a five year long project – and for various ledgers you need to have a budget set up for five years, another for each year, another two that are 2 ? years†¦ you can setup such budgets, and compare budget vs. actual for any! In effect you can ‘zoom out' as well as ‘zoom in' to any period of your choice. Any changes made or a transaction inserted anytime, are instantly carried forward – no matter how far back these are made (from a security standpoint, you might need to restrict data entry or hanges to transactions prior to a specific date – this is available via the User security control features). Multi-Cost/Profit Centers As a business transacting in multiple currencies, you will appreciate the effortless usability of Tally. ERP in this area. Say, you make purchases from a supplier, and transact in a currency different (say $) from that of your base currency (say INR). You'd like to keep track of the dollars due, as well as the $ amount s due for each bill. This way you get to know your foreign currency requirements as well as cross check the accounts in $. At the same time you would want to see outstanding and other financial reports in INR.Since this figure depends on the exchange rate as on the date of the report, generating these are time consuming. With Tally. ERP 9 all reports are generated automatically – all that is needed is that the forex rates be available for reference. Foreign exchange gain & loss entries are ‘posted' automatically (as a notional entry), whenever any report is taken. The day you decide to make these entries regular (say end of the financial year) you can post the required accounting Journal (with software assistance). Importers and exporters maintain bank, customer & other accounts in foreign currencies (like the example of the supplier) – you can maintain these in any currency required.As a branch or subsidiary of a foreign entity, or for reporting, you may need to generate reports in a currency other than the base, at some exchange rate. This capability is available across all reports. You may need to compare companies having different base currencies – switch one company to use the currency of the other, or switch them both to a third! Basically, every amount field in a Tally. ERP 9 voucher is multi-currency enabled. This allows you to conduct business in ways that manual systems permit and most IT systems fail to provide. It is possible for a supplier to, say, send a quote for items in INR, some in US$ and some in â‚ ¬. Multi-units Most businesses will use several units of measure, even if the belief that just one (pieces) is used.Take purchases – you could order in the units you are comfortable with, and you receive goods in a different unit – for e. g. , order in Pcs, receive in KG's. Similarly you could record sales in the units that your customer is comfortable with. The flexibility of this ‘compound' unit of measures is to ensure that Tally. ERP 9 does not get in the way of your way of working. Like in the case of multi-currency, every quantity field is inherently multi-unit ready. Some commodities, say cotton, have ‘peculiar' problems – the unit of stock used for this commodity is ‘bales', yet trade is in Kg's. With changes in weather, cotton looses or gains weight due to changes in moisture content.If you used Kg's for your records, you would loose the ability to manage stock count and stock take of bales; if you used bales, you would have a mismatch in the actual quantity transacted. This problem is compounded in real life – since each bale carries a different weight of cotton. With Tally. ERP 9 you can manage all these, with the support for multiple units of measure. Now, you can record both units in transactions – Kg's and bales at the same time. Stock valuation will be done in Kg's; inventory count can be managed in bales! You receive some supp lies – the Invoice shows 5 Pcs. and the actual count shows 6 Pcs.! Were you to enter your receipt as 6 Pcs. there will be a mismatch with the voucher and physical document which will result in an audit objection. Entering as 5 Pcs. would mean that one piece is not recorded†¦ Tally. ERP 9 supports ‘actual' and ‘billed' quantities – thus delinking the inventory count from the financial impact of the transaction. With this you can also receive and deliver free samples and manage the many variations that occur now and then. Therefore compound units, alternate units and billed/actual quantities should deliver the capabilities needed for most, if not all, of your requirements. Multi-Location Inventory Even the simplest of organizations will have inventory in more than one physical location.As organizations get bigger, inventory will require active ‘management' with more warehouses (go downs, as we call it in India), racks ; shelves and stocks at projec t locations. Take the case of multiple sales outlets, each with one go down. Each purchases items at different prices and sells them over time. You need to take a call on the value of stocks at each of these outlets as if they were independent units – and not apply the company average. With Tally. ERP 9, each outlet will act as an independent unit from a costing perspective. Sales from each outlet will reflect the appropriate cost, and not the company average (which can skew profitability of both outlets).Seen at the company level, the cost behavior ignores these go downs – making reports and financial analysis appropriate at that level. Go downs can contain go downs – to allow management to the bin level. For various jobs (projects) and sub-jobs, the use of go downs and cost centers in Tally. ERP 9 give a high level of reporting and analysis – on inventory and financial aspects of jobs. Multi-Budgets ; Scenarios Budgets are a measure of the results expec ted for the planned activities for a company. Whether you formally plan budgets or not, you will be working against several budgets – Revenue, Production, Expense, Financial, Investment and so on. Once these budgets are recorded, you would periodically want to check up how your business measures up against this plan.And once you get a handle on the variance, you would probably take decisions on course corrections – record possible outcomes of these changes (as scenarios) and compare against the budgets once again. This is a powerful planning mechanism that provides the flexibility to work in a changing /dynamic environment. With Tally. ERP 9, you can set up any number of budgets – and to make this easy, budgets can roll up into ‘group' budgets and these can roll up again into ‘master' budgets: the people who come up with the budgets can make entries and the roll-up is automatic (and can be overridden at the rolled up level as well). While viewing any report, you can choose to pull up the budgeted figures as well, along with a variance column. You could just as easily pull up budget figures alone – and make these available to various people.A ‘scenario' is the name given to a specific combination of vouchers that will be included to deliver a report – you can include and exclude different voucher types and build as many scenarios as needed – say one where a product launch is on time and another where it is delayed by three months. You could then view actual figures against a scenario. You could also see the variance between a scenario and the budget! Budgets and Scenarios are powerful tools when used by themselves; used together they deliver unprecedented power to help plan ; monitor your business. TALLY REPORTING ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Modifying Reports (Options) Balance Sheet Profit ; Loss Account Stock Summary Trial Balance Day Book Cash Book P etty Cash Book Bank Book Journal Register Ledger Purchase Register Sales Register Ledger-wise Outstanding Reports Interest Receivable Interest Payable Cost Category Summary Statistics Stock Transfers Stock Valuation Methods BOM – Cost Estimate Daily Balance of Cash/Bank Book Stock Query Negative Stock Item Movement Analysis Stock Ageing Analysis Multi-Column Cash Book Purchase Register-Extract Sales Register-Extract Cash Flow Summary Funds Flow Summary Budgets Overdue Receivable Overdue Payable Age-wise Receivable Negative Ledger Debit Note Register Credit Note Register Reminder Letter Confirmation Letter ? Comparative Profit and Loss Account ? Vertical Balance Sheet with Working Capital ? Comparative Quarterly Balance Sheet ? Income ; Expenditure Statement

Paper cut

Dynasty, paper cuts have a close relationship with the custom activities and the drama (#5). People are likely to watch drama so that there are lots of dramas in that period of time. For instance, â€Å"The Romance of The West Chamber† Rid) is one of the drama in Yuan dynasty. People usually cut red paper into different characters with background according to the drama for different uses, they may sell them or use as decoration. During Mining and King Dynasty, paper cuts become common among ordinary people, paper cuts are common to see in different festivals such as autumn festivals and drama.On the other hand, paper cuts are widely used in decorating the indoor part of the palace. The paper cuts designs include Dragon, Phoenix, and Bat, and these designs are used to decorate the ceilings of the hall and the walls of the corridors . Up to now, paper cuts is losing its status in the society, people are unwilling to participate in the inheritance of paper cuts. People therefore have fewer opportunities to reach this kind of folk art but they still can find paper cuts at old laces and some traditional buildings.Traditionally, women and girls in the countryside have to take in charge of making embroidery, let alone, the paper cuts. This is used to be a craft that every women must know how to do in their life. It even uses this craft to distinguish whether the bride is good or bad. Every year, they usually take part in the making embroidery after the harvest period, while they have spare time, they will start doing paper cuttings in order to do preparation for the coming year. These paper cuts are used to decorate the windows

How does the USA Today Function as Civic Culture Essay

The family is the basic unit of any particular society or community. It is therefore imperative that for the society to exist the family has to be there to produce members into the community. The community or national character any particular country is basically determined by the nature of the family values. An individual is shaped in the early ages by the family. In the contemporary society there are increased diversity changes in the family a characteristic of the many changes in culture, political, economic, social, and psychological and even the environment. The content definition of has not been agreed upon because of the great changes that are so accommodating. In the previous many years the family was considered as the people who are related by blood. This definition based on the kinship ties has been revoked due to the influence of many forms of families which has stripped off the family its actual definition. For instance there can husband and wife who do not have any kinship ties and they go ahead to adopt children. Another case that has changed such a definition of the family based on kinship ties is the increasing number of intermarriage within the context of race or ethnicity. This brings out a mixture of offspring and therefore it is difficult to trace the family bonds based on kinship ties. The issue of who is next to kin is no longer important in the current families. The most common aspect in the current families is the bonding based on mutual understanding. The many changes of husband and wife have been changed by the introduction of lesbianism and gay. These try to go against the grain of opposite gender type of marriage. The concept of marriage has changed from opposite gender type of marriage to a mixture of gay, lesbianism and opposite gender marriages. These are some of the dynamisms that are facing the contemporary families. This paper shall give an indebt analysis of the family, the changes in roles and functions of the families and the general effects of such changes to the contemporary families. A close reference and examples shall be drawn from the US and Mexico, the countries that border each other geographically. The contrasting differences I n family issues shall be pointed out clearly. Family life in the United States The family relationship in the United States has undergone several transformations due to the effect of globalization. Race and ethnicity are the most significant factors in shaping the variety of values, attitudes and behaviour amongst the families in the United States. There are a number of changes in families in the United States. These changes range from political, social, economic, and psychological to spiritual. The social dislocations have given rise to new ideas and values especially there is increased individualism among the members of the community. In the US there increased diversity in the organizational structures. There are many cases of divorce and separation in the United Stated which has grabbed the family the unity and love that is supposed to be enjoyed. Most the single families that are common in the US are as a result of divorce and remarriage due to greater democratization. (Hines & Morrison, 2005) Cultural diversity in the US is accounting for the many different types of families that have emerged in the recent past. The United States constitutes almost all races and ethnic groups in the world. For this reason there are diverse cultural values as a resulting of this contact. The factor that there are free intermarriages between these diverse races and ethnic groups has made the US to have diverse cultural values which transcend the native culture. The immigrants who move to the United State try to maintain their native language despite the fact that they are forced to learn the official language of the United States, which is English. The immigrants from Spanish speaking countries (Hispanic) when they move to the United States they try to maintain their languages. The culture of the people is usually transmitted through language and due to the numerous languages in the United States there exists different cultures. This means that there are very many family clusters formed through the sharing of the languages. For instance most of the Hispanic immigrants have formed family clusters in the sides of Florida. The black American speaks a variety of English as they identify themselves as belonging or originating from one family. These disparities have affected the notion of the family because these people are allowed to mix freely with people from different cultures. The concept of the family in the United States is changing even the more during the advent of the green card where people from different pasts acquire citizenship. Many people from different races and ethnic groups have found their way to the US and as such most of them are allowed to move with their families. The nuclear family still remains an ideal source of the society in the United States. The United States families are characterized by the great social stratification. In the United the families are organized according to different classes. Among these classes there are great disparities in terms of economic value. The choice of families has not taken shift from mutual understanding to materials and resources. This has affected relationships from a sociological point of view. This issue of the class is a dominant phenomenon among the families in the United States as those who are rich wants to maintain the status quo. This is done through the inheritance that is passed within the nuclear families. The nuclear families in the United States are created and broken up and then reconstituted. This has led to the decline of family values which consequently affects the family patterns. This diversity in family pattern has been identified as the cause of problems such as violence, crime and drug use in the united state. The parents are usually very busy with their duties (United States, Congress, 1992). The increasing cases of divorce and separation in the United States have a negative effect on maintaining the ideal norms of the nuclear family value. The families that are exposed to values outside the parental domain are likely to deviate from norms. The human rights in the United States are considered fundamental. There is protection of the universal human right which is a recipe to the process of democratization. This the reason why the US government invest huge amount of money in education health and other basic sectors so as to enhance the promotion of the human rights among the citizens. The Family Life in Mexico Most people have preferred to live in Mexico for a variety of reasons such as social, political, economic and even good climatic reasons. Living in Mexico requires one to learn the Spanish language so as to increase effective communication. This is because the families are socialized in the Spanish language. The Mexican people are extremely warm and friendly as they are organized in smaller communities that come from the mutually intelligible families. This means that the socialization process is high since there tow much contact between the families. The family bonds are tightly held together and for this reason there is cultural uniformity. The society per se is integrated under common cultural values through the common language shared. Piped water is relatively inexpensive, but not always potable (drinkable). Decades of under-investment, combined with an attitude of impertinence towards paying water bills, has left Mexico’s mains water system in poor condition. As a result, most people purchase bottled water, often in 20L containers. Bottled water is very expensive. Rents in Mexico can be higher than in equivalent-sized US towns or cities if the place is popular or fashionable, particularly places within easy reach of the US border. Mexico has a centralized economy: that is, most of the country’s economic activity revolves around. The Mexican pace of life is relatively slower than in the US Especially when the life in major cities is given consideration. The families in Mexico are closely tied as most of the families have time to attend to their families. There is a high degree of parental responsibility among the families. This transcends to greater heights of good values that the society enjoys. Mexico’s culture has a rich history in a consolidated family religion, people and tradition. The Mexican people are proud of their culture that they keep on passing from one generation to another. This is because there is little infusion of the foreign cultures. The family is the basic unit in Mexico and a cornerstone to the maintenance of the culture. The rate of socialization and interaction among these people is too high. It is a usual phenomenon to meet two or more families meeting for a common interest or for a special event. This part of the family function in Mexico, people in Mexico have free time to visit resort centers for the purpose of relaxation which is not a common phenomenon in the United States, where people are too busy. (Heymann, 2006) The Mexican People are too religious which is a big contrast with the United States where people feel that they are in control; of their own life. A large number of people are Christian and they are usually committed to going to church. When you walk in the Mexican homes it is easy for you to see the religious images. In America people stay a non-religious life thus an effect of religious intermingling that has made it difficult for the people to which religious practice to adopt. Thus they resign from subscribing to any of the religious practice. The social stratification is not prevalent in the Mexican family as it is in the United States; people are seeking for money the Mexican people strive for titles. The professionals in Mexico prefer to be addressed with the titles that they deserve. This is as a result of the traditional emphasis given to the tittles within the family domain. The economic living standards in Mexico are slightly lower than in the United State. There are many poor people in Mexico than in the United States. The impact of these high levels of poverty in Mexico has necessitated the immigration of most Mexican families to the United States in search of better jobs and pay of most illegal immigrants from Mexico have gotten their way into the United States through the Mexican borders. These immigrants have settled in cities such as Florida. Working in the United States gives them better pay. This aspect of brain drain is lowering the general development of the families in Mexico as most of the people move leaving behind other family members Basically the cost of living in Mexico is lower than that of the US particularly for agricultural produce. Other sectors such as transport and communication are also lower in Mexico than I n the United States. Other utilities as electricity are more expensive compared to the United State. Working families in the United States, observing how parents struggled to find a balance between caring for children and earning a decent income. When parents split and one of the parents went from Mexico to the United States and was no longer available to give the necessary care, families suffer. What significantly exacerbates the problem is when the borders are so tight that they prevent families from reuniting. This has been a common phenomenon when the immigrants are not given the opportunity by the America to even visit their families in back home in Mexico. (Poole M. et al, 1993) Globalization of the economy created increased pressure for workers to accept lower labor standards, accept lower wages, longer hours, fewer benefits, and less paid leave. Both Nations likewise feel pressure from economic globalization not to implement family-friendly policies, such as paid leave for illness or when a child is sick, or paid parental leave. And that leaves working families struggling to balance work and their care-giving duties. The globalization process has affected families in both Mexico and United States economy was transforming the relationship between work and care-giving in similar ways everywhere. Globalization has forcing both countries to at a very high pace as far as labor standards and social policies are concerned hence leaving working parents with less and less time to raise their children. Parents’ work has shifted markedly around the world and that goes for every region. The child rearing process has been left in the hands of maids who offer supportive care while the parents are away working till late hours of the day. Men in particular have been moving away from one place to another in search of better jobs especially in various industries. Globalization has made men and women to work day and night and this has made them move away from their homes to go work in various places. A good example is that of outsourcing where people work in shifts where some work during the day and others at night. Women, likewise, have moved into the paid labor force and away from the home. From the period between 1960 and 2000 the number of women in the labor force went from 26 to 38 percent in America. The percentage of women in the workplace has increased both in the United States and Mexico. This has adversely affected the family care services that were provided by the women while their men were working in various sectors. This is a result of civilization which been brought about by the factors such as education, religion, work, urbanization among others. These factors have changed the various roles that were supposed to be executed by the family so as to prepare an individual to be a responsible member of the society. (Cecil, 1992) What has happened is that the world has seen women get better job opportunities which has assisted then them raise income to cater for their families. The increased number of single parent families has made it possible for the women to struggle to get money for rearing their families. While this is was going on there is also massive urbanization occurring all across the world. That’s not necessarily a bad thing, as people who move from very poor rural areas to urban areas often get better jobs, and become less dependent on, for instance, a good rain to feed their families. (Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff, 2006). References Hines D. A. , Morrison K. (2005) Family Violence in the United States: Defining, Understanding, and Combating. Sage Publisher. Heymann J. (2006) Forgotten Families: Ending the Growing Crisis Confronting Children and Working Parents in the Global Economy. Oxford University Press Poole M. et al (1993) Family: Changing Families, Changing Times. Allen & Unwin publisher. Robinson, Cecil. (1992). No short journeys: The interplay of cultures in the history and Literature of the borderlands. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Rowntree L. , Lewis M. , Price M. and Wyckoff W. (2006). Diversity amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development. United States, Congress. House America’s (1992) Families: Conditions, Trends, Hopes, and Fears: Family policy. United States, Congress, House publisher.

Current to American Policits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current to American Policits - Essay Example Auers (2006) agrees, arguing that political campaigns are "issue-free" and, ultimately, a question of which of the candidates has the support of the big lobbies, PACS and corporations. Arguing the same, Wagner (2005) contends that it is precisely because campaign finance has completely undermined the one person, one vote,' principle and has displaced the issues, that campaign finance reforms were introduced. Instead of abiding by the limits established by campaign finance reforms, however, candidates have found a way around them, knowing the money will, ultimately, determine the fate of their political ambitions. Two of the 2008 presidential election candidates have declared their intention to adhere to the strictest of campaign finance regulations and make the 2008 elections one that is entirely based upon, and determined by, the issues. As Kirkpatrick (2007) reports, last February Obama announced that were he to win his party's nominations, he proposes the limitation of general election campaign funds to $85 million, on the condition that the Republican nominee accept a similar limitation.

The Communication Revolution, Entertainment , and the Arts Essay

The Communication Revolution, Entertainment , and the Arts - Essay Example The issue of surveillance has not eluded the American public and mix reactions pertaining to the matter continue to bombard the political system. Proposed bills such as Total Information Awareness would have granted the government access to the most promiscuous details in the life of any American they deem a threat to democracy. The setup of the internet creates questions of whether or not those who use it are really protected. The cookies that websites place in the computer systems can be vehicles in meddling with personal privacy. Alongside this, the internet can also serve the purpose of hacking credit card information and emails that has been recorded to incite cases such as identity theft. The availability of these technologies has introduced a number of different social phenomena that are almost incomprehensible years ago. Things like googling yourself has surfaced and has even become a colloquially accepted verb. All the other networking websites like MySpace, Friendster, Multiply, Facebook, etc. compels people to communicate with acquaintances and strangers. In 2003 the American congress prevented the Pentagon in its planned project designed to allow surveillance of any American through accessing their e-mail and other databases that contain information regarding finances, health and travel. Had the project been allowed, it would have allowed Army intelligence to use any of the information they have gathered against anyone. Luckily, both Houses agreed that this is a direct threat to personal privacy and the Total Information Awareness project was put into question (Clymer, 2003). The Pentagon concept would have given analysts who are highly trained in Intelligence to accumulate and perceive information linking any citizen to any group, enabling alerts and allowing shared data among individual computers to be viewed. They would have had

The expectancy theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The expectancy theory - Essay Example n’ a motivation do things to reach an objective would prove true if said person believes in the value of the goal and there is chance to reach that goal. If an employee under the direction of a manager could he motivated to do something set by the latter, if the said employee puts value on the outcome of his or efforts and believes that reaching the same outcome is attainable or probable. Vroom’s explanation of the expectancy theory can be reduced into an equation as follows: Force = valence x expectancy (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006). Force here would represent the strength of employee’s or subordinate’s motivation. Such force is a function of valence which equates with the strength of same employee’s preference for an outcome and expectancy as expressed in a probability that a certain action ultimately brings a desired outcome (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006). A manager would benefit much if he has knowledge that an employee is interested in outcome like prom otion or higher pay. A manager, in applying the theory can tie up the pay with a level of performance while meet organizational objectives. Given the connection, it would be easier for the manager to motivate the said employee to do tasks assigned in attaining the desired level of performance which could actually help the employee or subordinate to be promoted or have the higher pay. Indifferent and non-believing employees could not be motivated as there would be a zero and negative valence

Implementation & Analysis of Public Policy Essay

Implementation & Analysis of Public Policy - Essay Example e 2004 general elections before the voters to 2006 and later 2008 with an election outcome of 52.7 percent voting in favor of the project (Albalate 15). This approval was for the first segment of the proposed railway system that was dubbed Proposition 1A. As Albalate asserts, the entire project was estimated to cost forty billion dollars, however, the authority responsible for the execution of the plan releases a novel cost estimation ranging between $98.5 billion and $118 billion. The system is anticipated to complete in 2035 whereby it will carry 120,000 riders each day at a speed of 200 miles per hour, if it gets built successfully (16). Despite the gobs of benefits anticipated from the proposed rail system, there has been criticism hitherto. The proposed rail system intends to meet California’s transportation needs of the 21st century. The 800-mile running rail is purposed to connect the major regions of the state such as San Francisco and Los Angeles. With the congestion in the transport systems, it is feasible to implement a system that will help in reducing both the inconveniences and time taken to travel. The state of California experiences severe air pollutions, and to eliminate this, the proposed rail system aims at achieving a cleaner environment wiping out the auto travel, which is the main agent of air pollution. The elimination of autos from the transport system will also reduce the state’s reliance on foreign oils. For other means of transport, the high-speed rail project will enhance connectivity. The rail system is also calculated at contributing to the state’s economic development and job creation for the persistently heightened unemployment characterized population. Besides, the high- speed rail system aspires to protect the preserved, ecologically sensitive, and agricultural lands by reducing the per passenger emissions, during travel, across the state of California (Jones 228). After the completion of the project, Californians have much

Critical Issues In Police Civil Liability Essay

Critical Issues In Police Civil Liability - Essay Example There are many instances in which the police fail to prevent harm. The movie starts by a man planting a bomb timed to explode at a certain time in a car. There after a man accompanied by a woman (Joi Lansing) enters the car and starts driving ending to American- Mexico border. On there away, drug enforcement officers from the government of Mexico passed the car on foot and they do not take any action. Joi realizes that there is a problem with the car but the drug enforcement officers did not take any action or search the car to notice the bomb. Immediately after crossing the border, the car exploded and killed the occupants. The explosion of a Mexican bomb in America drew attention of Harry Shannon who was the Police Chief, Mike who was interested in investigating the issue and latter Ray Collins (the district attorney) arrived at the scene. A one legged police officer known as Orson Welles also arrived at the scene together with the district attorney. The officers carried out investigation while suspecting Sanchez who happened to be the husband to the daughter of the victim (Joanna). Quinlan and Menzies carried on with the investigation in order to identify the cause of the tragedy. At the end of the movie, Quinlan admitted that he was not genuine but used to plant evidence on people. He admitted the Menzies that the most of the people were innocent but he planted evidence to have them convicted. Quinlan attempts to kill Menzies using the Vargas gun because they had recorded him testifying on the evils which he did instead of doing police work. He manages to shoot Menzies but Menzies shoots him dead be fore shooting Vargas. At the end of the movie it is noted that Quinlan was preventing investigation by protecting the suspects. Latter Quinlan says that Sanchez had accepted the crime. It is noted that Sanchez was the one who planted the bomb to the car but Quinlan being an investigator was protecting him by

Evelyn Hooker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evelyn Hooker - Essay Example was that gays and lesbians are essentially maladjusted persons who need the help of society to be re-integrated and to have normal lives like most people. Her personal and professional life was influenced to a big extent by her mentor with name of Prof. Karl Muenzinger who encouraged her to pursue further studies on behaviorism, in particular the sub-topic of homosexuality. Her interest in this particular subject was due to her making friends with one of her students (name was Mr. Sam From) who was homosexual and challenged her to study him and other homosexuals to disprove commonly-held notions. Her various experiments disproved homosexuals as socially maladjusted people; her studies in effect showed this group to be well adjusted socially no different from the general population. Her studies were used by the gay rights movement to promote their own advocacies. Her personal life starting from her high school years, through college, to the masters program and eventually, the doctorate program influenced her research work because she saw all these as a way to get out of poverty and the drudgery of house work. She was quite lucky to be acquainted with professors who encouraged her to do groundbreaking research work but by her own admission, she did the research more out of curiosity and empathy. Her anonymous fellowship for a year of study in Europe gave her valuable insights to the events happening there at that time, specifically the persecution of the Jewish people at the hands of Hitler and Nazi Germany. She further traveled to Russia at around this time also and saw with her own eyes and through direct experience social injustices such as the rampant and overt discrimination against certain ethnic minorities. This gave her impetus to focus her studies on clinical psychology which gave birth to her almost exclusive concentration on the study of homosexuality in which this group of people are discriminated against as deviants. A turning point in her career

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Analysis - Essay Example He may utilize a wide range of gadgets to help him do this—viewpoint is one of them—yet in any case reality around a complete visual impression relies on upon one thing, truth of tone. Drawing may be rundown, hues dull, yet in the event that the relations of tone are genuine, the picture will hold. Profundity and measurement are rendered by the utilization of straight point of view, by the covering of the layers of shapes, and specifically, through the utilization of tone. This compositional component works inside the picture in various ways. First and foremost, there is the presence of characteristic light inside the painted room and past it. The pictorial space in the midground and forefront is lit from two sources: by meager shafts of light from the open entryway, and by expansive streams getting through the window to one side. The light from the window enlightens both the studio closer view and the unrepresented territory before it, in which the ruler, the ruler, and the viewer are attempted to be situated. Light partitions the scene into three unmistakable parts, with frontal area and foundation planes firmly lit up, between which an obscured halfway space incorporates silhouetted figures. Velà ¡zquez utilizes this light not just to add volume and definition to every structure additionally to characterize the central purposes of the sketch. As the light streams in from the right it splendidly glimmers on the plait and brilliant hair of the female diminutive person, who is closest the light source. But since her face is turned from the light, and in shadow, its tonality does not make it a state exceptionally compelling. Likewise, the light looks diagonally on the cheek of the woman in-holding up close to her, however not on her facial highlights. A lot of her delicately hued dress is diminished by shadow. The Infanta, be that as it may, remains in full enlightenment, and with her face turned towards the light source, despite the fact that

Career Management and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Career Management and Development - Essay Example This paper attempts to understand and discuss various facets of career management and development in close focus with graduate careers. The discussion also aims to create an awareness of the present workplace scenario, its issues, challenges and methods to overcome it. Career theories and its relevance and the implications of the broader social forces on career are also looked at. For our purpose of understanding let us view the discussion using the banking segment in the UK as an illustration. Job description: a) Establishing and nurturing healthy customer relationships. b) Planning and implementing effective sales strategies. c) Evaluating the effectiveness of new and existing financial products. d) Offer operational support as part of daily routine. e) Being a part of the team achieve targets. f)Processing data to produce accurate facts, figures and reports. Work Conditions And Benefits: 'Range of typical salaries for entrants on graduate management trainee programmes: 23,000 - 32,000 (usually part of a package including a 'signing on' bonus of 3,000 - 5,000). Working hours are generally nine to five but extra hours are required from time to time. Part-time, flexible working and career break opportunities do exist. The demands of fulfilling annual targets, meeting corporate objectives, and continued professional development training may sometimes give rise to stress,' says a website called prospect. Requirements For New Entrants: Although the banking sector is open to all, some functions may requires specialisation in disciplines such as mathematics; finance; business studies; economics; law; accounting. A good honours degree, usually a 2.1 or above, is required. However, entry at other levels is possible for graduates with less than a 2.1 or with an HND, especially if applicants have relevant work experience. Pre-entry work experience in the form vacation work, sandwich placements (paid or unpaid), internships and temporary or permanent work experience in a financial, customer-led environment, such as sales is desirable. In addition to an excellent academic record, graduates also need to have excellent interpersonal skills; leadership qualities; exemplary written and oral communication skills; analytical skills; willingness to relocate; flexibility and adaptability in responding to change; creative thinking and an enquiring mind; enthusiasm and a commitment to further training. With banks going global and expanding their product and service portfolio, IT skills have become advantageous, in depth knowledge of the national and international industry along with sound business acumen are essential. Training Programs and Methods: There are a variety of training options provided for new entrants joining graduate training programmes. On-the-job training, Specialised technical training, or entry to a specific functional area such as human resources, accountancy or computing, or to comply with regulatory requirements are just a few to name. Internal and external training provided in various forms like work-shadowing experienced colleagues, evening classes, a limited number of day-release courses, distance learning packages and workshops. In-house training is becoming increasingly popular. Some banks also provide training

Summer Farm by Norman MacCaig Essay Example for Free

Summer Farm by Norman MacCaig Essay Summer Farm by Norman MacCaig characterizes the comparison of nature and human life. The poet uses the language to describe the environment while relating it to the narrator. The poet also uses different language technuiques to describe and streghten his message in the poem The poem starts with the description of the narrators surroundings. The tame lightnings shows us that things that seem wild and dangerous can be controlled like how situations in our lives that are out of proportion can be handled. Moreover, the lightnings hang zigzags on hedges. The zig zags could represent the shape of lightning or how nature is very random unlike our lives where we have regular routines. However nine ducks go wobbling by in two straight lines shows that even nature can be set in course, thought the word wobbling denotes the sense of order. The second stanza is about animals in the barn. It conveys the animals that would typically be found at a barn and uses their behavior to show a point in his message. For example A hen stares at nothing with one eye However a hen has to be looking at something, but the use of words one eye is odd, random almost. Nevertheless it could mean show the world in a animals point of view and ours is entirely different. Then it goes Out of an empty sky a swallow falls. I believe that this use of metaphor is describing his mind. The empty sky is his empty mind, and the swallow is a train of thought. Dives up again into the dizzying blue. The swallow (thought) was brought into the barn but, the impact from falling surely would have caused injures. Perhaps the thought is of somewhat importance. Then the swallow dives into the dizzying blue. The world dizzy could mean confusion, maybe the thought was a bit confusing? And then the swallow disappears back into a empty sky. The third stanza represents the narrators thoughts and the movements of its mind. It starts I lie, not thinking the word I shows that indeed the narrator is talking about himself. He lies in the cool soft grass where he could be searching for comfort or relaxation. Then he compares himself with a grasshopper with plated face unfolds his legs and finds himself in space. It is clearly shown that the grasshopper is reflecting the same movements and thoughts. They both have came to relax and find themselves in space.

Ethnic Cleansing And Genocide Criminology Essay

Ethnic Cleansing And Genocide Criminology Essay As long as I have any choice, I will stay only in a country where political liberty, toleration, and equality of all citizens before the law are the rule. -Albert Einstein. For centuries, man has been fighting with his brother, over man-made issues of differences in their status, nationality, race, colour, religion to name a few. In India itself, this differentiation has taken shape in the form of differences in class, differences between Muslims and Hindus, Sikhs and Christians, recent incidents taking place in Orissa and Kerala are gory examples of the same. In fact, this in essence has also taken place in Maharashtra in 2008 wherein almost 20,000 North Indians fled Pune and other such cities, the same revealed by an article in the Indian Express. Statistics in fact have shown that man is being a threat himself to another man causing his mass exodus. Despite the advancement in technology man doesnt seem to want to co-exist with another, a deficiency which will lead to its self-destruction sooner or later. This is essentially the concept of ethnic cleansing, an international crime progressively taking more antagonistic forms as time passes. In principle, an ethnic group  [1]  would be defined as a community whose heritage offers important characteristics in common between its members and which makes them distinct from other communities. There is a boundary, which separates us from them, and the distinction would probably be recognized on both sides of that boundary. Ethnicity is a multi-faceted phenomenon based on physical appearance, subjective identification, cultural and religious affiliation, stereotyping, and social exclusion.  [2]   The phrase ethnic cleansing was originally introduced by reporters covering the Yugoslav wars of disintegration between 1991 and 1995, but as a course of action it is much older than that.  [3]  By definition, it has been defined as a phenomenon wherein one ethnic group expels members of other ethnic groups from a geographic area in order to create ethnically pure enclaves for members of their ethnic group.  [4]   However, the complexities involved when it comes to ethnic cleansing, is that till date despite the number of occurrences there exists a blur when it comes to differences between genocide and ethnic cleansing.  [5]  Also, the number of incidents wherein ethnic cleansing has taken place makes one question the effectiveness and the authority of the UN and the several other peace keeping bodies.  [6]   It is also pertinent to note that while in theory, the purpose of ethnic cleansing is to drive all members of the victimized group out of a territory. In practice, ethnic cleansing is nearly synonymous with genocide because mass murder is a common characteristic of both. Though, therefore, there is a thin line between the two crimes, it is the need of the hour to differentiate between the two crimes and do away with the pervasive ambiguities. analysis: genocide and its incidents: In order, to be able to differentiate between the concepts of genocide and ethnic cleansing it is first important to understand each of these concepts individually. Ergo, this part will basically focus on the definition of genocide as arrived at in several landmark judgments and also its main essentials, with the natural corollary of looking at the definition of ethnic cleansing. The term genocide was coined by Raphael Lemkin using the combination of the Greek word genos (race or tribe) and the Latin word cide (killing).  [7]  Article II of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948 defines the term genocide to include killing, causing serious bodily or mental harm, amongst several other things  [8]  , which was accepted as being part and parcel of the customary international law or jus cogens in the case of Prosecutor v. Goran Jelisic.  [9]   The case of Advisory Opinon of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, defines genocide as follows: a crime under international law involving a denial of the right of existence of entire human groups, a denial which shocks the conscience of mankind and results in great losses to humanity, which is contrary to moral law and to the spirit and aims of the United Nations.  [10]   Genocide without exceptions made is considered to the most despicable crime when it comes to crimes against humanity, which is why Courts are reluctant in arriving at a conclusion which affirms the existence of genocide. It essentially requires two components for the said crime to take the form of genocide, viz. Actus Reus and Mens Rea. These go hand in hand wherein if any of the acts mentioned above have been committed with the necessary specific intent (dolus specialis).  [11]   In the Jelisic  [12]  case it was held that the special nature of this intent supposes the discriminatory nature of the act wherein a group is targeted discriminatorily as such and in this context genocide is closely related to the crime against humanity.  [13]  The Court again found the existence of this specific intent in the case of Akeysu  [14]  wherein the Trial Chamber I held that the rape of Tutsi women in Rwanda in 1994 constituted the crime of genocide.  [15]  In the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia it was held that genocide could be committed both at time of peace as well as of armed conflict.  [16]   Therefore, a perusal of the aforementioned cases clearly shows there is a need of specific intent in case of indictments for the crime of genocide.  [17]   Ethnic Cleansing and its incidents: The 1990s has had the most number of instances wherein the crime of ethnic cleansing has been recorded. This has been attributed by the UN to various political parties which indulge in the same by ruling various States. This power was clearly wielded by the Shiv Sena party in Maharashtra with their jingoistic tactics in expelling Non-Maharashtrians. Blacks Law Dictionary defines ethnic cleansing as: The officially sanctioned forcible and systematic diminution or elimination of targeted ethnic minorities from a geographic area by confiscating real and personal property, ordering or condoning mass murders and mass rapes and expelling the survivors. Few authors are of the opinion that the crime of ethnic cleansing is a 20th Century phenomenon while most others disagree.  [18]  A prototype of ethnic cleansing can be taken from the experience of the Jews during the Nazi Regime, where in order to create Lebensraum, or living space, Hitler, the dictator started an expansionist drive to create a pure Germany. The term ethnic cleansing, a literal translation of the Serbo-Croatian phrase etnicko ciscenje, has resulted in a lot of atrocities like mass killings as well as rape as a means of creating supremacy over the minorities.  [19]   In many of these campaigns, women were targeted for particularly brutal treatment-including systematic rape and enslavement-in part because they were viewed by perpetrators as the carriers, biologically and culturally, of the next generation of their nations. Because many men in victimized populations left their families and communities to join resistance groups once violence began, women and children were often defenseless.  [20]  Statistics shows that the Bosnia-Herzegovina war envisaged a shocking estimate of 20,000 women who endured sexual assaults in the form of either torture or rape. Serbian political and military leaders systematically planned and strategically executed this policy of ethnic cleansing or genocide with the support of the Serbian and Bosnian Serb armies and paramilitary groups to create a Greater Serbia: a religiously, culturally, and linguistically homogenous Serbian nation.5  [21]  The promulgation of the concept of ethnic cleansing and the practices it represents are a grim, contemporary reminder of the global nature of interethnic and interracial inequality and strife.  [22]   The following passage taken from an article is proof of the mass destruction and depraved justice that took place during the Bosnia-Herzegovina War: More than two million people-almost half the population- are still dispossessed of their homes. Some 600,000 of these are refugees abroad who have not yet found durable solutions, many of whom face the prospect of compulsory return into displacement within Bosnia and Herzegovina in the near future. Another 800,000 have been internally displaced to areas in the control of their own ethnic group, living in multiple occupancy situations, in collective centres or in property vacated by the displacement of others, often in situations of acute humanitarian concern. The fundamental issue for the future of the post-war society of Bosnia and Herzegovina is whether these people can or will return to their homes.  [23]   A case study shows that the challenges of post 1980 former Yugoslavia were exacerbated by the countrys demographic and socio-cultural make-up, comprising several ethnonationalities with different religions, mentalities, histories and levels of development. In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina the authoritarian regimes and their leaders were the main sources of human rights violations. Nationalism and hatred of other peoples and religions were probably the reasons for the brutal break up of the former Yugoslavia. Ethnonationalism was, and has largely remained, widely and deeply entrenched among the constituent groups.  [24]   Various authorities indicate that the notion of ethnic cleansing takes place when there is a deportation of mass population on the basis of their ethnic differences in order to create a homogenous ethnic State. While a crime like genocide inevitably results in imposing criminal liability, it has been stated by several authors that since the term ethnic cleansing does not appear in any of the laws the same is not punishable as long as genocide, rape or other crimes against humanity have not been used, which have been banned by several legal instrument.  [25]   This argument however is to be rendered untenable  [26]  as though, ethnic cleansing per se doesnt feature under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, it can be included under crimes against humanity under Article 7 which speaks of Deportation or forcible transfer of population  [27]  equivalent to ethnic cleansing. Moreover, a perusal of the Statute of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia under Article 4  [28]  also makes the crime of ethnic cleansing punishable. The Trial Chamber  [29]  in a particular case was satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the crimes that were committed in the Bosnian Krajina from April 1992 until the end of December 1992, the period relevant to the Indictment, occurred as a direct result of the over-arching Strategic Plan. The ethnic cleansing was not a by-product of the criminal activity; it was its very aim and thus an integral part of the Strategic Plan.  [30]   Therefore, a perusal of the aforementioned authorities helps one understand essentially the concept of ethnic cleansing and the essentials thereof. differences between the two: Andrew Bell-Fialkoff in his book, has remarked thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the crime of ethnic cleansing defies easy definition. At one end it is virtually indistinguishable from forced emigration and population exchange while at the other it merges with deportation and genocide. At the most general level, however, ethnic cleansing can be understood as the expulsion of a population from a given territory.  [31]   Different authors have different opinions regarding the differences between these two, while some state such a difference exists only in theory while other claim it to exist practically as well. From a perusal of the above, genocide and ethnic cleansing can be differentiated in three ways: (1) Need of intent: Genocide could be a means to commit ethnic cleansing, but the purpose of such a crime then would not be murder but would be otherwise. Furthermore, in contrast to genocide, there is no need for special intent under the crime of ethnic cleansing, making it easier for parties to establish a crime of ethnic cleansing in comparison to a charge of genocide leveled against a particular party to the dispute.  [32]  It has been found under various texts that the requirement of specific intent is not found under ethnic cleansing, making it easier to prove before the International Courts in comparison to the crime of genocide.  [33]   (2) The purpose: The purpose under genocide is the physical destruction of an ethnical, racial or a religious group, while that of ethnic cleansing is the founding of ethnically homogeneous lands. The means used for the latter could also be genocide.  [34]   (3) Ends achieved: While genocide results in physical destruction of a particular minority groups, ethnic cleansing results in the flight of a community not necessarily mass killing.  [35]   As found in the previously, it may not always be feasible to point out differences between the two. In fact, this clear cut distinction has been reduced by various subsequent measures taken by the authoritative bodies. In 1992 concerning the hostilities in Yugoslavia, the UN General Assembly  [36]  clearly stated that ethnic cleansing is a form of genocide.  [37]   To worsen the situation, in the case of Prosecutor v. Krstic,  [38]  , the Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), expressly diverging from the wider interpretation of the notion of intent to destroy by the United Nations made a difference between ethnic cleansing and genocide. an enterprise attacking only the cultural or sociological characteristics of a human group in order to annihilate these elements which give to that group its own identity distinct from the rest of the community would not fall under the definition of genocide. Similarly, in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro (Case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide) the International Court of Justice  [39]  have also upheld the above judgment based on the same reasoning.  [40]  Various scholars also have given views similar to that found in the above cases wherein a distinction has been made between the two offences.  [41]   Therefore, there remains doubt in this unchattered territory, but courts generally refrain from holding a state or an official responsible for the offence of genocide in comparison to that of ethnic cleansing. Conclusion: From an analysis of the above judgments, we find that there exists a very thin line between the concepts of genocide and that of ethnic cleansing. There is a need to attain consistency with regard to the various opinions on the same, consistency being an essential or cannon of any law. The basic bone of contention is in fact this lack of uniformity in interpreting the law by the courts. That apart, a need is felt that stricter international norms be laid down in order to ensure that a crime like ethnic cleansing taking the form of international crimes like rape, genocide does not take place at the ferocity that it has been since the 1990s.  [42]   It should be realized by the UN and various other monitoring bodies that it is imperative that a clear cut distinction be made between the two, agreed, a strait-jacket formula cannot be applied, but it should lay down certain parameters for determining when ethnic cleansing takes place. As of now, the definition of the said terms remains uncertain in international law. States should realize that even the magna carta Universal Declaration of Human Rights  [43]  ordains equality on each and every human being, which would immediately render the offence of ethnic cleansing purposeless.  [44]   It is to be necessarily understood that, As long as the criminals are divided into ours and theirs; as long as ethnic discrimination is not replaced with moral and professional criteria; as long as already initiated democratic processes do not take roots; there will be little chance of reconciliation, economic development and respect for the human rights and freedoms.  [45]   Therefore, an attempt has been made by virtue of this project to understand the basic differences between these two types of crimes which are basically instigated against other human beings and the same conclusion has been arrived at with the help of leadings judgments and opinions of various authors on the same. Ethnic cleansing results in the division of a particular country into several fragments, there more the disputes the more these fragments will break and finally there shall be nothing for one to offer. This has been aptly illustrated in the following paragraph: In Germany they first came for the communists; and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a communist. Then they came for the Jews; and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists; and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics; and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Catholic. Then they came for me and by that time there was nobody left to speak up. Martin Niemoller

Nature vs nurture debate referencing to eating disorders

Nature vs nurture debate referencing to eating disorders This essay will be discussing one question that has stumped philosophers and psychologist alike since the eighteenth century. The nature verses nurture debate which has been one of the most controversial questions debated throughout the decade by students and lectures. Galton (1883) was the first to term the phrase nature-nurture. Gross (2005) which questions the amounts our psychological characteristics are due to our genes also the amount our psychological characteristics are due to the environment including social influence what we learn as well as. In psychology two main psychological approaches have put forward .different views on the nature verses nurture issue. The first is the biological approach (nature) which bases it strength on genetics and the study of MZ (identical twins) and DZ (non identical) twin studies in its argument. Nurture on the other hand states that all is a learned process and uses modelling and the environment (including western influence) to explain its argument. Both have strong arguments to support their claims both backed up by empirical evidence and theories. Using eating disorders as a reference especially anorexia and bulimia to the nature nurture Anorexia nervosa is a condition where the person loses weight or tries to maintain a abnormally low weight through dieting often masked by the use of vegetarianism. Whereas bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging (vomiting or over use of laxatives). One way the nature theory explains this disorder would suggest that it is caused by genetics, which could be hereditary. Strober et al (2000) theory gives weight to this by suggesting that first degree relative of women with anorexia were ten times more likely to get this disorder than children from families without anorexia. These results were collated through the use of interviews of 1,831 relatives of 504 probands and family backgrounds. According to this research best-estimate diagnoses was based on all available information. In a further study a year later Stroder et al (2001) went on to suggest that as well as women men could now al so get this disorder. However, it can also be said that environment may play a big part in the development of this disorder. If we take environment as another influence then studies carried out in countries that may be starting westernization could show us if there is a link between eating disorders and different cultures. This can be seen in the nurture argument by suggesting that this disorder is due to environment and western society influence. This helps explain how more eastern countries have now due to pressure of turning to more western ideals in their culture, and ways of thinking, are having more problems now than before, they took on the Western ways. This can be seen in Lee et al (1993) Westernization has been linked to an increase in eating disorders in other parts of the world, including Hong Kong and Japan. Nadaoka et al, (1996) suggested that due to the changing roles for women cultural approval has also been suggested for a slim body. Increased wealth and availability of food, were also thought to be implicated in this change. Dolan (1991) study carried out in the United States which suggested that in it was more common for white women to have anorexia than coloured women; implying that race could be linked to anorexia. However some have argued that this could be due to genetic make-up. Evidence to support Dolans theory has come from Powell Khan (1986) who asked why white women are more prone to eating disorders than black women. Their study revealed that white women were engrossed in how much thinner they looked than black women and showed more concern about weight and dieting. This showed their results as a black society is more tolerant of larger body size than white society and that the black society places less importance on thinness and appears to prefer a more rounded shape. Another theory put forward by the nature approach which backed up Stroders theory. Holland et al (1988) who also carried out twin studies which have also suggested a strong genetic influence as twin studies showed MZ twins have a higher concordance rate than DZ twins. The problem with this study is theres never a hundred percent concordance rate which may suggest that other factors need to be taken into consideration and we have to look at other influences even though there is evidence to support that anorexia and bulimia have strong genetic ties. Furthermore we cannot ignore the strong influence that media plays in the development of this disorder. This can be seen in teenagers and adolescences using their role models as there is an ideal shape which is portrayed by fashion magazines and models as well as other role models and icons. This we call socio-cultural opinion. You may have read/heard in the media stories of celebrities in the public eye being criticised by the media about how they dress, how they look have they put weight on or even have they lost weight. These sort of high profile celebrities such as Victoria Beckham etc have pressure to watch their weight as its constantly under scrutiny and so have been called size zero This supports what the behaviorist claim to be cause of anorexia and bulimia in saying that we learn through modelling. So by high media profiling of these role models and icons we can see how teenagers and adolescences in general may view their own bodies and so this disorder may result from this type of influence, This can be linked to Banduras social learning theory in that children model the adult which can be seen in adolescence and teenagers who have eating disorders. Another explanation from the nature side is that anorexia may be due to unbalanced chemicals in the brain particularly if there is low serotonin. Some studies have linked low serotonin with depression and low self esteem in anorexic patients. Kaye, Ebert, Raliegh and Lake (1984) studies support this theory in which they discovered anorexic patients that had not gained a healthy weight gain were compared to patients who had achieved a normal amount of weight, they put forward the theory which suggests this is due to norapinephrine. The study of genetic research in anorexia is still in its infancy stage unlike established research for example schizophrenia and diabetes. We may discover through future DNA studies a gene specific to anorexia. It may also suggest a link to depression, in playing a part in anorexia bulimia. This however could be argued against in that low serotonin could be the effect and not the cause of anorexia. As mentioned earlier twin studies have been used to strengthen the nature argument but there are flaws with type of study besides the concordance not being one hundred percent. As well as the twins may not be from the same environment. The results may be down to environmental influences rather than just genetic. The nature argument assumes that behaviour is innate and we are born with it and might explain why their arguments strength is based on genetic and hereditarianism theory. Furthermore the nurture argument relies on our environment, which includes cultural and societal pressure as well as media influence. However with the evidence presented in this essay the only conclusion to draw from this question is that anorexia and bulimia can be attributed to a combination of both the nature hypothesis in basing its facts on heredity and genetics and the nurture hypothesis basing its facts on environment, media and social structure. Some people may have a biological tendency to anorexia. However there is strong evidence to support the environmental influence, as this is needed to start it off. As you may have noticed the nature nurture debate is quite complex and not easy to tackle. From the time Galton first thought about this question is it nature or nurture responsible for our development to the present with the breakthrough in technology, we have to study DNA the human blue print. We still dont know the answer both side provide strong arguments but with the evidence this essay has found it would be inconsiderate to assume that one factor is solely responsible for eating disorders. It is obvious that both aspect contribute to anorexia and bulimia

Comparing the Concepts of Authority and Individualism in Literature :: Shawshank Redemption Fahrenheit 451 Essays

Comparing the Concepts of Authority and Individualism in Literature Authority is defined as a person or group of people who control the society and make major decisions affecting the society. Individual is a person who has no particular influence on the society and neither do his decisions. The term Authority may be applied to any type of people who hold some sort of influence or power on the society such as The Police; Courts from local courts to supreme courts and of course the ruling party of the government. The individual may be a single civilian. This essay will compare and contrast the way the following text types present the concept of Authority and the individual: Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury; Billy Budd, by Hermann Melville; Shawshank Redemption, by Hollywood Studios; And the poem Naming of parts by Henry Reed. It will discuss how symbolism, language of features, themes, and text form contributes to the way they present the idea of Authority and Individual. It will also discuss the state of Authority in that particular text type (for example is the Authority right or wrong in it’s believes and practices), Fahrenheit 451 is a book written by Ray Bradbury, set in a futuristic society, about a fireman named Guy Montag whose job is to go and burn the books, which are forbidden, being the source of all discord and unhappiness. The two main themes in this novel are Social change and the banning of books to stop inequality and Individualism. One of the changes the Authority is responsible in this novel is Social change. Their main purpose is to not let the individual think alone. The Authority does this by giving individuals no time to think, as captain Beatty puts it: ‘Give them zippers instead of buttons’ (pg 63) Clarisee also says in School, children are given fun activities, are blasted with useless facts and information, and given no time to ask questions. In the world of Fahrenheit 451 the books are banned. Figures of Authority believe that books create inequality by creating an educated class: ‘We must all be alike. Not everyone born free and equal, as the constitution says, but everyone made equal. Each man the image of every other†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(pg 65) Books present readers with conflicting views, thus causing confusion: ‘We stand against the small tide of those who want to make everyone unhappy with conflicting theory and thought’ (pg 69)

Long-term Cause Of The Russian :: essays research papers

In 1812 Czar Alexander the First had sworn an oath that Russia would never make peace as long as an enemy stood on Russian soil. Little did he know that not much more than a century later the enemy was those who were native to the Russian soil-the people. The Russian Revolution was an event that shaped the rest of the 20th century worldwide. The causes of the revolution go back many years before the actual revolution had even showed signs of breaking out. The causes included a weak government, indecisive leaders and, a very backwards way of life for the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the mid to late 19th century Russian leaders came to understand that Russia was backwards in it’s ways and that it must strive to modernize itself before the country was left in shambles. Russians and their land could be described in one word, poor. The agrarian societies were weak because the land was only hospitable to trees and ice. The peasants were serfs, attached to the land and their master s. In 1853 war suddenly broke out in the Crimean Peninsula over Christian shrines in the Ottoman Empire. After their defeat in the Crimean War, Russia’s war leaders realized even more that they were behind the whole world in modernizing. In response Alexander II then took the reigns of the empire radically improving the country. Trans-continental railroads were built and then in 1861 the serfs were emancipated. The government then strengthened Russia’s industry by promoting industrialization with the construction of factories. But then as quickly as Alexander II’s reform reign started, it ended. In 1881 a group of terrorists assassinated Alexander causing a cessation of the reforms. Suddenly economic modernization resurfaced again in the 1890’s under the Finance Minister named Sergei Witte. Witte believed that even though Russia was a backwards country, modernization could still occur. Under his leadership Witte helped the 35,000 mile railway system come to a completion. Yet the Russian leaders were so impressed that this great change that could improve Russia in the next 20 years they were so blind to the poverty and overpopulation that continued making Russia digress further and further.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a loss to the Japanese in the Russian-Japanese war, morale of the common folk was at an all time low. Illegal labor parties were forming and groups of dedicated individuals were begging for revolution. Groups such as the Nihilists, and the Anarchists started to form with the intent to start a revolution.

Islam vs. Hinduism Essay -- Religion

The principles of early religious traditions hold an abundance of power for today’s students. A power teaching a number of lessons that all students are able to carry for years to follow. The view of an outsider is much different from that of an educated individual because the ignorant individual may perceive oppression within the caste and Islamic systems. Identifying similarities are essential because they demonstrate that the two belief systems are comparable, but recognizing the differences is more important because it is the variations that allow individuals to better understand the religious faiths. Islam is a complex faith that is comprised of a variety of different expectations based on one’s culture. The term Islam can be defined as the submission to God’s will. There are one billion Muslims throughout every part of the world that do not think or behave the exact same way (Kaltner, 2-4). Hinduism is a series of lives where the next life is the sum of all of one’s previous lives and is a very broad religious tradition because the core beliefs and practices are not focused around a single idea. The Hindu belief system is not only a religion, but a philosophy or viewpoint on life (Boyle). By understanding the moralities and core beliefs of Islam and Hinduism students have the opportunity to correct the misunderstandings and labels cast upon these religious traditions. Identifying the key elements of Islam and Hinduism displays that each religious tradition contrasts in how life after death is perceived, the creeds or guidelines to obey, as well as in whom the followers believe. Initially, the Islam and Hinduism belief systems contrast in how each faith perceives life after death. Much like Christians, Muslims ... ...and differences between Islamic and Hindu beliefs of afterlife, the sacred text and teachings, and their respective gods help students understand each religion exclusively. This gives students the power to rise above the majority of society and give Muslims and Hindus the respect and image that they truly deserve. Works Cited Boyle, Mary. "Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism." Orange Humanities. Midland University, Anderson 304, Fremont. Mar. 2012. Lecture. Kaltner, John. "Islam Is a Religion of Orthopraxy - Chapter 2." Islam: What Non-Muslims Should Know. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Fortress, 2003. Print Manish, Chintamani. "Hinduism." Orange Humanities. Midland University, Anderson 304. Fremont. Feb. 2012. Lecture. "The Vedas." Hindu Texts:. Religion Facts, 17 Mar. 2004. Web. 14 May 2012. .

Adolescent Essay Essay

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and research a problem faced by adolescents and the community’s response to resolving the problem. This paper will examine, that childhood obesity and how it is a growing disease that has become an epidemic in Canada that can cause psychological effects on a child. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child’s health or wellbeing. As methods to determine body fat directly are difficult, the diagnosis of obesity is often based on BMI. Due to the rising prevalence of obesity in children and its many adverse health effects it is being recognized as a serious public health concern. Childhood obesity is a growing illness in Canada as well as all over the world that causes psychological effects on children. There are three main psychological effects that child obesity has on children; low self esteem, high levels of depression, as well as more behavior problems. Children and adolescents with obesity face stigmatization and discrimination in many areas of their lives, and it has been assumed that their psychological well-being will be compromised as a result. Based on a study completed from the Journal of Pediatric Psychology they found a strong correlation between child obesity and psychological effects of the child. The study that was completed explored the relationship between obesity and psychosocial adjustment in a combined clinical and nonclinical sample of 139 obese children and 150 non–obsess children (ages from 9 to 12 years and matched for age, socioeconomic status, and gender) who filled out the Perceived Competence Scale for Children; their parents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist. All obese children, independent of their help–seeking status, status, reported more negative physical self–perceptions than their non-obese peers and they scored lower on general self–worth. According to their parents, the obese children of the clinical sample appeared to have more behavior problems. Findings suggest that psychopathology depends on a clinical obese status, and they provide evidence for a psychosocial at–risk profile for a subgroup of obese children.

Everyman-a Medieval Play Review

Everyman is a receive which was scripted to express the importance of morality, to whoever analyze it or experienced it world per appointed on stage. many learners tell apart that it was scripted approximately clock look in the deep 1400s, while new(prenominal)s insist that it is a shift of a Flemish shape c altogether in alled Elckerlijc, which was scripted by Peter cutting edge Diest in 1495. Everyman is an allegory calcu recently which is heavily set upon Christian religious perspectives in addition it is resoundingly similar to the Christian printing of the resurrection of Christ, and his ascension into Heaven, after the crucifixion.The offset printing turning of Everyman, opens with a prologue which takes on the process of a messenger, positing the audience well-nigh the passel which is to come to Everyman. The messenger goes on to spread abroad the audience that eventually paragon pass on call upon all of humansity to root number mavinly him, and choke account of their whole caboodle which they had shaped in flavor. The neighboring sectionalization of the run for is idol calling upon Death, to go and earn Everyman to keep going so sensationr him. God commands Death to go and bring Everyman onwards him, so that he whitethorn give account of his own misdeeds that he has wrought in life. So Death goes and finds Everyman, and tells him that his time has come.Everyman indeed attempts to bribe Death with a thousand pounds, but Death ref ingestions. merely, he resigns that he allow for allow Everyman to bring roughone with him, so that he does non drive to heart his judgment alone. Everyman first goes to Fellowship, whom even offs friends and companions and asks him to attend him to go and set up before the judgment God. Fellowship, whom had promised to stand besides Everyman through and through whatever whitethorn come tells Everyman that he will not go with him to the grave, beca employ he fears Death a nd the judgment of God. Everyman is heartbroken, but because goes on to the next in line.Everyman thus goes to Kindred and Cousin, which are supposed to represent family and kin but they alike tell him that they will not accompany him on his substance to the grave. Thirdly, Everyman turns to keens, which represents literal possessions nonetheless she in addition adduces that she will not go with Everyman to his nett judgment. Everyman is very concerned by this point, and so he turns to bully Deeds for companionship. Good Deeds states that she will go with Everyman to face his judgment with him but unfortunately she lacks the forte for such a journey, because Everyman as drop her throughout his life. Good Deeds tells Everyman that he mustiness then go before her sister, K postlyledge for she will know the way in which Good Deeds may regain strength. Upon meeting Knowledge, she tells Everyman that he must go before Confession and in that respect Everyman confesses his sins. Afterward, Confession gives Everyman a jewel called repentance which cleanses Everyman of his sins, so that he may stand before God and not be in jeopardy of damnation. With his confession dirty dog him, Good Deeds regains his strength, and is ready to accompany Everyman to the grave.Knowledge then tells Everyman to gather together his attributes of life Beauty, Strength, Discretion, and Five Wits so that they in addition may accompany him to his suppose with God. that when Everyman gathers them together, they tell him that they will not go with him to the grave essentially because they are all recordistics of youth, which are all now zip from him, as he has the end of life. With that, Knowledge, and Good Deeds accompany Everyman to his concluding reckoning with God. on that point enters the character Angel Knowledge then attests to Angel that Everyman was a good and however person, and in the end, he confessed his sins before God. hence Everyman and Good Deeds go overpower into the grave, and thus distinguish their way to stand before God in the last judgment of Everyman. Fundamentally, this melt ends with the character, Doctor, stating that all lead Good Deeds and Knowledge will all flee from a person, when they go before God for their final judgment. *** Issues in Raised in Key Resources There are sev periodl key issues which were elevated by the scholars that wrote the major resources which I utilize to bring out this report.This dictation has received a moderate amount of fashionableity over the previous(prenominal) near 500 years and now today there are some scholars and researchers whom are exceptionally critical, both positively and negatively, of the details as to how it was scripted. bingle check of note would micturate to be one which was voiced by Thomas F aforefrontt-garde Laan. In referring to the general laying claim of Everyman, he contends of the writer that His speech is essentially negative he focuses solely on the inevitability of last and the destructiveness of sin.Simply put, Mr. avant-garde Laan is stating that at first, the sole purpose of this take to the woods appears to emphasize preciseally on death and how mankind should tang totally ruthfulness for anything that they do, which goes against the teachings of Christianity. An new(prenominal)wise criticism of this run low which Mr. van Laan refers to is the point in the beginning when God first speaks. Mr. Van Laan states Gods words are wholly negative in force, implying entirely the difficulty to come, omitting any indication of anticipate for mankind. Mr. an Laan is voicing this criticism on the opening section of the ferment, fundamentally some how he considers Gods words to be too negative in their approach. In expressing this condemnation, Mr. van Laan is adamant about his beliefs that God would credibly not be so put off in his approach to dealing with mankind. However not all that Mr. van Laan has to say abo ut Everyman is negative in nature. He goes on to shed light on the allegory nature of the play, and how this lends credence to its world a peculiar, legitimate discipline of theater. He contends that The first movement, is a falling action, which traces Everymans decline in fortune.This shatters the apparent public security of his life, to the depth of his despairfallowed by the insurgent movement, a rising action, which carries him from this nadir unto his final salvationwhich is symbolized by the words of the accept Angel. It is my belief, that essentially what Mr. van Laan is stating, is that by victimisation actual characters to personify the specific aspects of human nature the persona of the play becomes a two-fold endeavor. Firstly, by the characters universe typo representations of human qualities they achieve a form of realism, which is normally further conveyed through the use of spoken dialog.Secondly, the movements themselves-transpiring from a state of utter d espair, to a state of harmonious bliss is not only characteristic of all great deeds of drama, but excessively of life itself. end-to-end Mr. van Laans review of Everyman, he states his eyeshot process that by the author victimisation characters to represent the individual aspects of human individualism the play conveys a form of realism, which is go past unique. Next brings us to the arguments made by the researcher Roger A. Ladd. His belief is that this play was not indite for the hammeraday person, but was in fact written to be a work which would gift been performed for the bourgeoisie.His logical thinking stems from research which had been done by scholar Dorothy Wertz the corresponding scholar who also believes that Everyman was in all likelihood written strictly to be performed for the elect(ip) well-fixed. In her research, Mrs. Wertz points to the fact that by plain examining the vocabulary and phrases employ in the authorized piece, one can determine whom the play had been written for. In that, she states that the wording itself would exact been too formal for ordinary citizens of the time period to ascertain. However, unlike Mrs.Wertz, who believes that Everyman is specifically nothing more(prenominal) than than a direct translation of Elckerlijc Mr. Ladd assumes that it is an amalgamation of Elckerlijc and other face literary customs of the era. Mr. Ladds purported speculation was reached in part, by investigating the traits of the character Goods, and comparability them with the English anti-mercantile satire traditions which were popular in the late-medieval period. An modelling of which being, that in the Germanic-Dutch based Elckerlijc, Goods is described as appearing as Neglected, rusty . . heaped up, filthy. However in Everyman as Mr. Ladd purports, Goods appears in a more English anti-mercantile manner as being trussed and piled so extravagantly, and in chest of drawers I am locked so fast, also sacked in bags. The Everyman description, falls in line with the late-medieval literary tradition of anti-mercantilism which jibe to Mr. Ladd, comes as proof that Everyman could not need been strictly just an English translation of Elckerlijc. Another scholar whom is acquiescent in his research of Everyman is Lawrence V. Ryan. Mr.Ryan takes an approach, which seems to be more about discerning the religious implications of the play Everyman. The first point that Mr. Ryan makes is that Without theology, the artistic merit may not be fully appreciatedthat the theology heterogeneous is indispensable, not indefensible, and furthermore, that it gives the play its characters, structure, significance, and even its dramatic impressiveness. oneness of the main points which all three scholars condition upon is that by being deserted by all those whom Everyman turns to for help the audience develops a strong sense of pathos, for the plight of Everyman. Mr.Ryan suggests that the military issue of these false -friend characters all appear in a climactic order, according to the increased risk of expo genuine of each as a bewilderment from ones Maker. Finally, Mr. Ryan gives his idea about the reason why all the characters that abandon Everyman, as well as Everyman himself, are all men and why the only characters that accompany him are women. In essence, the logic behind this as Mr. Ryan contends is that totally men are born into a state of sinand that for dramatic misgiving the author chose to maintain the only save characters be womento show that women can countermine this dogma.Personal Reaction to Everyman My own(prenominal) opinion of this incident play is one of high appreciation. Unlike some of the reviews of scholars which I exact read, which did not display too ofttimes positive reception for this work I personally enjoyed culture it, and doing my report on this play. When I first tried to read the Old-English original version of this play, I found it fantastically ha rd to ascertain what precisely the meaning was behind what the author had written. clear it was difficult for me when trying to use the un-translated Everyman, as Old-English is a version of our language, which has been out-of-date for centuries.When I found the translated version of Everyman on the Fordham University website and began reading it, I al al or so instantly thought that it had been a work which had been written by all someone whom was a priest, or had been another member of the Christian perform building in some capacity. Another view which I had was that if the play had not been written by someone who was a perform member, then it obviously had to crap been written by someone whom had some form of agenda for acquiring masses involved with the Christian church in some form or another.Perhaps the author had a legitimate reason for wanting people to become more involved with the church or to become closer to idol in some fashion. On the other hand, mayhap there was a more sinister motive like getting more people into the flock of the church, in order to acquire more cash flowing into their coffers. Personally, I think that it was a combination of both motives, and that whoever had wrote this play, also had a genuine interest in using a popular mode of expression.Or perhaps the author wanted to show that by turning away from the sins of the flesh that a person could attain a state of consciousness, which could bring them closer to a higher(prenominal) form of enlightenment. No matter what the personal objectives were for its creation, one thing remains clear this was that the author of this particular piece was incredibly ahead of his time. From what I have examined in doing research for this report project in reading other plays that date from the late medieval age, I can candidly say with a certainty, that I have not read anything that dates from this period, which is as unique as this.The usage of human emotions and possessions being p ersonified into literal characters is uniquely a recent notion and from what I have found, does not appear to have been done in a theatrical piece until one-time(prenominal) around 18th or nineteenth century. This plot construction is something which I have seen in movies and television shows which are frequently more recent, than something that dates from the late medieval period. virtuoso example that immediately comes to mind is Charles deuce Christmas Carol although not entirely the same in primary foundation, the underlying principle is similar.Some of the scholars that I read about, that reviewed this work were flying to dismiss it as being either frivolity, or simply nothing more than an act of religious propaganda. I have to disagree with both sides I feel that this is a excellent illustration of late medieval/early modern era theatrical work, which will more than likely see its relevance come again. succinct ofkey scholarship on this play The first article which I u sed to review for this report on the play Everyman was a modern-English translation, of the late medieval original version of the play.This particular article didnt offer any insight into it, as in scholar reviews but it was extremely helpful in writing my thickset of the play. Without this article, I am not sure if I would have been able to do this research project on this particular play, as I would not have been able to even ascertain what it was about. The next article which I used to write this report was written by Roger Ladd. Mr. Ladd took a definitively critical approach to conducting his research.Some of the main issues which he decided to confront were how the play Everyman deals with the religious implications of how secular wealth corrupts the good intentions of mankind. Ladd went into detail, comparing the details of Everyman, to other plays of similar genera that date from the period. He explains about how most everyday citizens of the late medieval period, looked at the assembly of material wealth, as the path to avarice, which puts their imperishable souls in jeopardy.Like many other scholars whom have written journals about the morality plays, Ladd believes that in order to find out whom the plays written for, one has to look into the wording of the work by doing this, he states that it becomes apparent who the hindquarters was. For example Everyman, when the main character is force to give up his worldly possessions it is written to appear as if this could have been the most dastardly thing which could have occurred in his life. Other key scholarship reviews of this play, comes from the scholarly works of Lawrence V. Ryan.Ryan takes an approach to his research, which is concerned with how nonionized religion is suspect in this play. One of his main thesis is about how in the play, Everyman attains salvation through his own works, and not by the salvation which comes from God. He dialog about how many religious figures were supple t o label Everyman as a work of unholy declarations and that how many of these religious leaders informed members of their churches that they would be in jeopardy of hell by going to square off a performance of Everyman. Ryan is perhaps the most non-forgiving of the three scholars that I chose to use.Mostly, he tries to make it known that he is of the opinion that Everyman was only an English translation of the Dutch work Elckerlijc. He does not make use of very much authentic info to make this claim, he simply relies on paraphrasing works which had been written by other scholars. Next, I used the research from the scholar Thomas F. vanLaan. VanLaan goes into detail describing the individual characters of Everyman. Noteworthy, is how he explains the nature of these characters, and how they relate to the human experience. Differing from the other scholars whom I referenced in this report, Mr. anLaan gives a very logical accounting of why the author chose to incorporate inanimate hum an natures, as the title characters for this play. The choices for the human failings and material wealth, was carefully used to make the play appeal to nearly everyone whom would have watched its production. An example being, of how Everyman had acquired material goods in his life, which would have appealed to the rich while on the other hand, Everyman losing his material possessions would have gained the approval of the poor which capacity have been in the audience.However, I never found one scholarly review, which did not offer at least one compliment about this great play.Endnotes *** capital of Minnesota Halsall, Internet Medieval Sourcebook, Medieval vade mecum Everyman, 15th Century, Fordham University (August 1998) (Accessed on October 20th, 2010) http//www. fordham. edu/halsall/ primer coat/everyman. html The entire summary which I wrote was based upon the modern-English translation of Everyman, which was available online at the Fordham University site.