The Actual Real World in “The Heat Death of the Universe”

In today†s occupied world, numerous individuals get so got up to speed in their own climate that they ignore the various things out there. A few people appear treat their environmental factors as though it were their own â€Å"little world†, making exclusive focus to the variety of the real genuine world and all the things that happen in it. Pamela Zoline addresses this and numerous different issues in the short story, â€Å"The Heat Death of the Universe†. This piece reports the theoretical, to some degree insane considerations, of the world from a standard housewife to the peruser. From the outset, these considerations have all the earmarks of being originating from a seriously befuddled and intellectually shaky individual, with no point what so ever. In spite of the proof expressed in the content, â€Å"Sarah Boyle is a vivacious and insightful youthful wife†¦ pleased with her developing family which keeps her occupied and glad around the house† (192), the peruser can see that the principle character, Sarah Boyle, is very unsatisfied with her place throughout everyday life. This misery comes from squandered training, making the indifferent housewife resort to incessant thought, which shapes the existence she has made for herself and the home she is caught in. The way that Sarah Boyle was knowledgeable is brought up obviously in the initial scarcely any passages, â€Å"Sarah Boyle is a vivacious and canny youthful spouse and mother, taught at a fine Eastern college† (192). This reality can be additionally be effortlessly found by the peruser in the wake of watching the information Sarah presents and the jargon she shows, for example, â€Å"ONTOLOGY: That part of mysticism which worries about the issues of the idea of presence or being† (191) and â€Å"ENTROPY: An amount acquainted in any case with encourage the counts, and to give away from to the consequences of thermodynamics† (193). Plainly, such words are not ones that would be viewed as regular information or ordinary discussion points. The terms utilized by Sarah all through the story lead the peruser to view her as some kind of cutting edge science major. Notwithstanding the jargon use, the way where her psyche capacities and the propensities she shows likewise manages the peruser to a similar suspicion. Sarah exhibits logical reasoning techniques continually; continually making records, seeing unimportant and conceptual things, tallying and lettering objects, continually contemplating thoughts and worried about verifiable issues. Once in a while she numbers or letters the things in a room†¦ there are 819 separate moveable items in the living room†¦ she is energetically attached to children†s word references, reference books, ABCs and all reference books† (193). Joining every one of these realities, articulations, and perceptions the peruser reasons Sarah Boyle as an experimentally instructed, shrewd lady: Which prompts the inquiry, for what reason is Sarah a housewife? This idea appears to reoccurringly pass however Sarah†s mind too. The peculiarities that Sarah Boyle shows clear the way that she is discontent with her situation in life as a housewife; she feels that her training is useless here, making her vibe unchallenged and exhausted, which just prompts unending examination on the planet she has picked. The biggest pointers of Sarah†s despondency are the notes that she goes out, for example, â€Å"Many youthful spouses fell caught. It is a contemporary sociological phenomenon† and â€Å"Help, Help, Help, Help, Help† (193). Notwithstanding these notes, once in a while does Sarah ever discuss her family; which is profoundly in opposition to the desires for the basic housewife. At the point when she alludes to her family, the announcements are very short, relentless, and undescriptive. â€Å"Today is the birthday of one of the children† (192). Talking about her family life, never does she notice a spouse. Sarah just offers comments of a faulty sort about her kids, she doesn†t appear to show the protective love or empathy one would expect; actually, a few places in the short story, the remark is made that â€Å"Sarah Boyle is never entirely sure what number of youngsters she has† (196). This remark leaves the peruser confounded and, notwithstanding the various harsh and befuddling references made to kids all through the story, makes the peruser imagine that she doesn†t care for her youngsters by any stretch of the imagination. Taking a gander at a portion of the announcements she makes, this is very conceivable. In one circumstance she considers that a grain may cause disease, â€Å"Perhaps something is horrendous amiss with the cereal†¦ Perhaps it causes an extraordinary, barbarous Cancer in little children†¦ she envisions in her mind†s eye the headlines†¦ † (192). Irregardless of this thought, she too much feeds the youngsters the grain â€Å"great yellow loads of it† (192) and even goes out to the store to purchase more â€Å"shopping in the supermarket†¦ a container of Sugar Frosted Flakes†. These realities consolidate to create the outcome that she couldn't care less if her youngsters get disease. Additionally, Sarah feels that â€Å"housework is never completed† (197), bringing about an endless errand, that inevitably makes her crazy. All proof at the top of the priority list, it turns out to be evident that she is miserable as a housewife, making her continually make insane thoughts with her unapplied instruction, driving herself into a precarious mental state. With no suitable method to apply the instruction Sarah has gotten, she depends on utilizing it in the main spot she has as an alternative, her home. She begins to devise an equal between her home and the universe. She swears by her training and executes the hypothesis of entropy and the â€Å"heat demise of the Universe† into her own homemaking abilities. As indicated by these hypotheses joined, â€Å"The all out ENTROPY of the Universe thusly is expanding, tending towards a most extreme, relating to finish issue of the particles in it†¦ he Universe comprises a thermodynamically shut framework, and if this were genuine it would imply that a period just at long last come when the Universe â€Å"unwinds† itself, no vitality being accessible for use† (200). Sarah applies this hypothesis in her housekeeping methods, imagining that the more sorted out she is, the less issue she makes. Hence, she isn't adding to entropy in her own Universe, her home. Keeping entropy at a consistent in this manner would not add to the â€Å"heat demise of the Universe†. Clearly, this theoretical reasoning is showing some psychological issues. Toward the finish of the short story, Sarah shows a psychological breakdown, consolidating all the unexplainable thoughts that drift however her brain in a physical and mental blast. All through this short story, Pamela Zoline successfully addresses numerous significant issues in today†s society. Through a typical housewife, Sarah Boyle, the peruser can watch the day by day injury and sentiment of uselessness that one may involvement with what it can result in.

Stalin and the Five Year Plans

Stalin's strategy to take Germany forward was utilizing multi year plans. Stalin accepted there was requirement for these five-year designs as : First of every single a considerable lot of the districts were behind different nations in development and that the USSR were in reverse Stalin accepted that to be in reverse you are vanquished and oppressed however on the off chance that you are influential individuals must be careful with you. Stalin additionally accepted (with Lenin) the USSR ought to overwhelm and out strip the entrepreneur nations He trusted Socialism in one nation and the USSR would be ground-breaking enough to endure at that point would assume control over the remainder of the world.Another explanation behind the multi year plans was on the grounds that he accepted that Germany would attack and in one of his speechs he said â€Å"If we have a decent effect in 10 years or so they will pound us. Ultimately the multi year plans incorporated a great deal of valuable purp oseful publicity which helped protray Stalin as an extremely lovely and influential man. In the initial multi year plan Stalin concentrated on radip industrialisation. He requested a 200% expansion in iron creation and a 335% in electrical force. To do this Stalin utilized alot of detainees as they were modest and in an enormous supply.If a specialist was seen as blameworthy of conspiracy under any circumstances they would either be shot or sent to constrained work on the Baltic Sea Canal or the Siberian railroad. In Soviet Union specialists built damns,roads,railways and trenches which all assisted with extending the business and assembling. In spite of the fact that processing plant yield took off because of the initial Multi year plan the horticultural creation was harmed. In 1932, grain creation was 32 % beneath normal whic brought about an across the board starvation. Second arrangement For the Second FIve Year Plan, Stalin extended the objectives of his past arrangement and ke pt on accentuating on overwhelming industry.This plan's point was to propel the Soviet Unions correspondence frameworks particularly railroads which improved in speed and unwavering quality. The Second Five Year Plan didnt arrive at the degree of accomplishment that the First Five Year plan did with the creation levels in coal and oil ventures. The First Multi year plan empowered a high status family life and In the Second Five Year Plan started a lower expectation for everyday life as purchaser inclinations were dismissed and center moved toward military products and substantial industry Third PlanThe Third Multi year plan went on for just multi year, as it was hindered by Germany's affirmation of war on the Soviet Union During world war II. Stalin kept on actualizing extra Five Yer Plans in the Years following WWII. By 1952 the modern creation was almost twofold 1941 level. Stalin's Five Year Plans changed the Soviet Union from an undeveloped Society of Peasent to a progressed mod ern economy.

Reflection on Passion Essay Samples

Reflection on Passion Essay SamplesWe all have reflection on passion essay samples in our minds. We will be asked to write about something that we can not wait to do, but then we think to ourselves, 'I just can't'. We may be simply tired of what we are doing or it may be because we just want to spend more time with our family.Reflection on passion is an opportunity to review your priorities and see where you are lacking. For example, are you the type of person who gets stressed out by paperwork? The answer to this question is a definite no. So then maybe it is time to consider another area that you would rather be spending time doing.Are you the type of person who gets burned out after an extended period of time at work? Again, the answer to this question is a definite yes. It is time to consider a new job that is within your skill set and gives you the ability to move about in the world without any restrictions.Reflection on passion is not only about getting things done when you wan t to, but also the things that you will never want to do. When we are idle, we are not taking advantage of the opportunities that are available to us. We are a waste of time and energy.All of the activities of a passionate person are never in their 'mainstream' for passions are dynamic. This means that the passions of one person may not coincide with that of another person, but those two people will still have unique passions that complement each other. You might be a person who loves to travel and also enjoys writing.Reflection on passion can be as simple as changing hobbies that you enjoyed doing for different activities that you would like to do. If you enjoy gardening you can change that hobby to gardening. Just by shifting to another area of your life, you can boost your inner passion. Not only will you be able to express yourself better, but you will be showing others that you have some 'life' left in you, and this is not always a good thing.In order to use this information to your advantage, you should also learn how to harness the additional resources available to you through social networking. Remember that we live in a digital age, and social networking is one of the fastest growing ways to connect with others. Not only will you gain friends, but you will find other areas of interest and expertise that can help your passion.Reflection on passion is not always easy to do. It is important that you keep moving forward when things seem stagnant. And in order to do this you must be motivated will come from within.

Online Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Think Tanks Offer Long-Term Career Options for Graduates 2019

International business professionals and researchers have formed a research project to understand economic competition and advancement of countries around the world. The Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy (BRIE) conducts research, works with international business leaders, and produces influential publications about the international economy. BRIE and other think tanks offer exciting long-term career goals for online Bachelor Degree in Business Administration students. Online Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Students can Aspire to Serve on Think Tanks in their Areas of Interest Think tanks are typically funded by private or government sources to create advice and ideas on various subjects. They also encourage interaction between scientists and intellectuals to discover solutions to different problems. Online Bachelor Degree in Business Administration students may one day find interest in holding think thank positions, such as: Brookings Institution online bachelor degree in business administration positions. Heritage Foundation online bachelor degree in business administration positions. American Enterprise Institute online bachelor degree in business administration positions. Cato Institute online bachelor degree in business administration positions. Economic Policy Institute online bachelor degree in business administration positions. .ua6f2df9f3a036b0a0a0c981c567ee507 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ua6f2df9f3a036b0a0a0c981c567ee507:active, .ua6f2df9f3a036b0a0a0c981c567ee507:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ua6f2df9f3a036b0a0a0c981c567ee507 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ua6f2df9f3a036b0a0a0c981c567ee507 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ua6f2df9f3a036b0a0a0c981c567ee507 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ua6f2df9f3a036b0a0a0c981c567ee507:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Salaries in the Computer Science FieldOnline Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Emphases Prepare Students for Long-Term Careers in Business Online Bachelor Degree in Business Administration students are able to choose from 4 areas of focus. Crafting a personalized business career, that may one day qualify a graduate to serve on a think tank, begins with choosing one of the following specialties: Online Bachelor Degree in Business Administration with an Accounting Emphasis Online Bachelor Degree in Business Administration with a Business Security and Assurance Emphasis Online Bachelor Degree in Business Administration with a Finance Emphasis Online Bachelor Degree in Business Administration with a Management of Information Systems Emphasis Serving on a think tank requires expertise and dedication to a business field of choice. Students interested in taking the first step of earning an online Bachelor Degree in Business Administration may visit College-Pages.com, the leading education and career resource website, for an extensive list of available programs. .uea6c751f3b504a5a6822b512c747d470 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uea6c751f3b504a5a6822b512c747d470:active, .uea6c751f3b504a5a6822b512c747d470:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uea6c751f3b504a5a6822b512c747d470 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uea6c751f3b504a5a6822b512c747d470 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uea6c751f3b504a5a6822b512c747d470 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uea6c751f3b504a5a6822b512c747d470:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Maine Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus-based Education in Maine, the Pine Tree StateRelated ArticlesBachelor Business Degree Online Paves the Way to a Career in International BusinessBachelor Business Degree in Management USAID Offers International Business Careers to GraduatesThe Key to Your Future is an MBA DegreeProjects and Project Management TrainingInformation Technology in EducationIs a Bachelors in Criminal Justice For You

The Matrix Technology Fears of a Dystopian World - 630 Words

Millions of people flock to the movie theater year after year on a quest to be entertained. Even a mediocre movie has the ability to take the audience to another place, escaping the realities of their own life, even if for just a few short hours. Some movies are simply pure entertainment. And then, there are those movies that provoke conversation long after the film has been viewed. Despite the popularity of the recent films The Hunger Games and Divergence, the dystopian theme in film is not a new one. The Matrix shows a society where humans exist without any freedom. The film, not only entertaining but thought provoking as well, paints a world with two different dimensions, a world very much like today’s when the film is closely examined. The Matrix questions the benefit of technology and influence over society. Like today’s world, in The Matrix technology dominates society. There are two dimensions in the film: the artificial intelligence world and the â€Å"real† world. The AI world is painted in all the glories of the world the viewer knows: a world where choices are â€Å"made† by the individual and â€Å"supposed† freedom exists. Morpheus offers Neo an opportunity to see the world for what it really is and break free from the bondage of technology, â€Å"You take the blue pill – the story ends, you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you want to believe. You take the red pill – you stay in Wonderland and I show you how deep the rabbit-hole goes.† The humanistic need to mentallyShow MoreRelatedThe Matrix: Fear of Technology in a Dystopian World1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Matrix: Fear of Technology in a Dystopian World Millions of people flock to the movie theater year after year on a quest to be entertained. Even a mediocre movie has the ability to take the audience to another place, escaping the realities of their own life, if only for a mere two hours. Some movies are simply pure entertainment. 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Not far behind, oozing inside-out hellhounds growl around razor fangs, stalking with murderous intent. All because of an innocent little airborne chemical weapon†¦This can’t be happening, this would never happen, right? It may sound far fetched, and it is. These horrifying creaturesRead MoreMovie Analysis : The City And Suburb 1785 Words   |  8 PagesMatthew Alavanja SOC224 Urban Sociology- Professor A. Howell The City and Suburb in Film Paper December 16, 2015 Sources; Movies Watched- In Time, Elysium Movies Referenced- Blade Runner, Matrix Article Used- Decent People Shouldn’t Live Here A common theme in literature, television, and cinema, are societies and their drive to reach perfection. Strives towards building a utopia are the basis for most science fiction works. However, no such perfect true utopia may ever really exist. Even if things

What is Beauty - 1209 Words

According to Oxford Dictionary, beauty is defined as â€Å"a combination of qualities, such as shape, color, or form that pleases the aesthetic senses, esp. the sight†. Over a long period of time, the meaning of beauty has changed. The way beauty was seen in the past, have been slightly modified into something totally different today. For many years, there has been that one question that has not been proven, even until now. There are few people who have their own opinion on this issue. There have been many ancient philosophers who have debated on this such issue. Are individuals actually looking or acting as themselves, or is it all an act to fit in with the society? Does each person have their own perceptive on beauty? Is the whole world just pretending to be someone else? Are people dressing or behaving in such way they can impress society? For centuries, beauty has been debated if it was either determined by individual or by society. David Hume explored the view of beauty a nd believed beauty is individual. He felt each person have their own perspective of beauty. There are few people that try to be different from other as much as possible, but the way society thinks of them changes them completely. Conversely, philosophers such as Hegel and Edmund Burke argued that beauty is determined by society. Aristotle, famous Greek philosopher, has also agreed with what David Hume’s theory of beauty. He believed beauty of a person has so many identities that make them who they are.Show MoreRelatedBeauty : What Are Beauty?891 Words   |  4 Pages What is Beauty? Beauty in my opinion is all about who is perceiving it, although there are many things that can be widely accepted as beautiful, whether it s a bountiful orchard of apple trees or the deep vast ocean blue with the waves cascading down with the mystery of life looming in the depths beneath. Beauty can be described as the fresh snow glistening on the pine trees with deer majestic in their natural glory and fat, fluffy hares dancing playfully in the snow or birds in song singing toRead MoreWhat is Beauty Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesThe ideal of what beauty really is changes in our society from time to time. Everyone has their own opinion of what is beautiful. However the opinion that people mostly tend and heed to is that of the prominent and influential characters in today’s society. Those who claim to know what true beauty is and impel humanity to do and be what they want, as if people were their puppets. Television, magazines, and advertisements play an imm ense role in this. Playing with emotions and ridiculing those ‘notRead MoreWhat is Beauty? Essay716 Words   |  3 Pages The common clichà © goes â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder.† Is there any real meaning to that? 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Most of these images are unrealistic, and send unhealthy expectations to women; however most women are willing to do anything they can to achieve thisRead MoreWhat is Beauty: Unrealistic and Unobtainable Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Beauty: Unrealistic and Unobtainable For centuries mankind has unsuccessfully attempted to define beauty. Greek philosophers, including Plato, tried to define beauty as if it were as simple as any other law in nature. However this cannot be so because the idea of what is beautiful has varied throughout cultures and the ages. In the 1800s women who were pale and rather plump were considered objects of desire; but in today’s society, desirable women are slender and tan, among other things

Meeting Ethical Challenges of Leadership †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Meeting Ethical Challenges of Leadership. Answer: Introduction Leadership in the simplest words is both a research and practical skill which encompasses the ability of an individual to lead, guide, motivate, influence and push the organization, teams or the employees towards the fulfilment of the organizational goals and objectives. Leadership is extremely critical to the organization and leaders are the prime force responsible to take the organization at the Zenith of its industry (Bolman Deal, 2017). The purpose of the essay here is to discuss the importance of flexibility and adaptability in leadership pertaining to different circumstances an organization faces in its entire journey. In the past, plethoras of business and political leaders have changed their leadership style to better accommodate the goals of the organization or the country (Northouse, 2018). It is often said and seen that leaders have to be highly flexible and adaptable to the changing circumstances for the larger interest of the goals of the organization. Steve Jobs in his initial days was seen as a task master, who did not care about the employees and was focussed solely on the deliverables of the employee, this put him under a lot of criticism from the board and his employees (Goleman, 2018).However, during his second journey with Apple, he realized he has to change and adapt to the new ways of leadership for the overall development of the organization and his personality. It is often seen that leaders who are full of themselves and think that they know everything much better than everyone else falls hard on the ground(Ward, 2016). On the contrary, leaders who are flexible, participative in their styles, learn from the changing situation and adapt accordingly are proven to be far successful than others. A number of management authors and experts after thorough analysi s on leadership styles have commented that it is always better to have more than one tool in the toolkit; flexibility and adaptability are additional tools (Antonakis Day, 2017). Impact of flexibility and adaptability in Leadership The above mentioned argument is strongly supported by the situational theory of leadership which gives strong notions that no leadership style is the best, it all depends on the situation at hand and which type of leadership style can be best applied to the situation to get the expected result. The theory further propounds saying that the most effective leaders are the ones who are able to adapt their style to the changing situation, pick cues for the type of task, and understand the group cohesion and other factors which might contribute to the success of the job (Heifetz Linsky, 2017). Situational leadership is also referred to as Hershey-Blanchard situational leadership theory. According to the theory he has characterized the style into primary four styles of leadership. The first one is Telling, in this leader tells the people what has to be done and how exactly it has to be done. The second style is of selling; in this style leaders sell their ideas to their followers. The thir d style being participative in nature, in this leaders give less of direction and allow the flow of ideas from the employees, empowering employees significantly help the company in bringing the entire company together. The fourth style of leadership is delegating in nature, this involves the group members to take accountability and responsibility of their own actions. According to the theory a more telling style is needed at the beginning of the project as the followers are less involved thus have less responsibility towards the project. As and when the employees become accustomed to the project, the style is more delegating in nature, and they can take and make their own decision for the project, implying that the leadership style adopted from being telling in the initial stage to being delegative in the later stage. The situation approach also helps the leaders to avoid any pitfalls of the single styled leadership style, by assessing the situation and the environment; they can e asily overcome the obstacle by changing their leadership style (Renz Herman, 2016). The leaders can benefit tremendously by adopting flexible style of leadership. One of the main benefits is overcoming challenges by continuous learning. Every team and organization in its journey to become the best is encountered by plethora of challenges, which must be handled with due diligence to crush and move past them. In such scenario, the best strategy the leader can use is to sit back and see what is working and what is not working in the favour (DuBrin, 2015). Through the concept of learning agility the leader can bring all its people together on a common platform ask for their feedback, assess their performance, coach them and learn about what strategy works best for the organization. Doing this, the leader can adapt to the situation and change his leadership style to match the new strategy of the organization. Jack Welch at GE was pioneer in introducing the learning agility program which set the base for its success in the past and the future (Johnston Marshall, 2016). Strategic planning is significant, crucial and critical to every organization, however the chances that the initial plan leads to the desired result is extremely low. Thus, the leaders must be flexible to adapt the plan to the changed circumstances (Tourish, 2014). The present state of the world is dynamic, with the infusion of digital marketing, customers have a lot of control on the information available on the internet, thus the leaders have to be on their feet at all times, and change according to the changing dynamics of the market and the industry in general. A rigid mentality will lead to nothing but failure and disappointment, the recent example of this is the case of Nokia. The leadership was absolutely rigid about the changing landscape of the mobile phone industry, and they were focussed on the past success strategy of Nokia, the lack of innovation, inability to adapt to the changing circumstances was the reason for the failure once upon a time the most famous company on t he face of planet earth(Kornives, 2016). Thus, it is really important that leaders are extremely flexible in their approach, more so in the present times when the world is changing rapidly and plethora of disruptions are making their way every single day. A lost opportunity is worth a millions of dollars, reinstating the argument that leadership style has to be really adaptive and flexible to the changing circumstances (Collinson, 2014). Daniel Goleman, an expert in the field of Emotional intelligence and leadership in the year 2016 outlines 6 major leadership style and pointed out that none of the style with utmost surety can be said are the best. According to Daniel, a democratic style might fit in a particular scenario, while a command style might be a better fitment in the situation of crisis. Thus, there is no way possible that one leadership style can help the leader or organization sail through the entire journey. One has to be highly adaptive and flexible in order to make the most out of the changing circumstances and situation. Effective leaders always have to be in tune with the changing business environment in order to make the organization move in the right strategic direction, in the absence of adaptability and flexibility the organization can easily fall into the trap of redundancy thus losing its position of strength and competitive edge to a competitor. Leaders have the responsibility of evaluating th e information available to them, use their own sources to get to the bottom of any issue and then make changes in their style to accommodate the best strategy for further growth and development of the organization. The only argument against the notion can be that leaders have to demonstrate perseverance in their act to achieve the goals; this however will yield more productive result if leader is adaptable and flexible to achieve the set goals. Leadership can thus the art of knowing when to stand firm and when to be flexible. Number of experts in their journal on leadership has mentioned that in all there are three factors which decide the type of leadership in a particular situation. The first one being that leadership has to be adjusted according to the competency of the employees, a low competent employee needs more guidance from the leadership to excel in his job duties, and vice versa (Lussier Achua, 2015). The second one being the commitment level the employees have on the company and the leadership. Thirdly, the style of leadership which is finally adopted by the leader would also be affected by the ability of the leaders to provide such changeable leadership. A recent example of developing flexibility and adaptability in the leadership style is the current visionary and the one of the greatest leader of present times, Jeff Bezos. Jeff who started off with the idea of Amazon in the year 1994 grew from a dozen of employees delivering books to more than 500,000 people selling almost everything in almost 180 countries. The journey was definitely an inspiring one for the youth and the business leaders and experts. Jeff leadership style in the start of his journey with Amazon was absolutely crude, or as some people call it rough, brutal and raw, he faced a lot of flak due to his leadership style (Johnson, 2017). The company was facing a lot of troubles due to high employee turnover and in a number of exit interviews employees mentioned that they are leaving the company because of Jeffs leadership style. Jeff Bezos so was engaged in being customer-centric that he completely forgot about the core strength of Amazon, its employees. Jeff was really smart at picking up the cues and transformed his leadership style. He started valuing the employees and appreciated and motivated them whenever it was necessary, he realized the importance of building a company together. In one of his recent interviews he mentioned about the change in his leadership style as one of the reasons for the success of Amazon. The above real life example is self-explanatory towards the importance of practicing flexibility and adaptability in leadership (Verba, 2015). Leaders have to ensure that they engage the employees in the daily activities of the organization and empower them by making them liable for their own actions; they have to ensure that even the lowest employee in the food chain is highly motivated and feels strong connection with the employee (Cashman, 2017). Ensuring all this is definitely not easy when the leader has so many important things to do in a limited time thus comes flexibility and adaptability in the picture. Leader has to understand the circumstance and then distribute his time towards different activities, be flexible and not rigid in talking to the employees when they need the most. According to one of the recent study conducted by Harvard Business School, it was founded that leaders who keeps on bringing changes in their leadership style have a lot to contribute to the organization. They are not bounded by the elementary thinking, are high risk takers and a peoples person, flexibility and adaptability just adds feath er in their cap and help them in taking the organization to the envisioned heights. An analogy which explains the above mentioned argument, a flexible and adapting leader is like a train, which keeps on adjusting its speed according to the approaching station and the distance to be covered, leaders in the same way have to adapt to different styles and be flexible in their business conduct in changing circumstances (Beck Cowan, 2014). Conclusion To conclude, there are no two notions that the art of effective leadership results out of flexibility and adaptability to different situation. No two situations are same, thus it will be absolutely imbecile to use the same leadership style in every situation. A cogent leader is one who correctly assesses the situation and the business environment and makes a right call depending on the severity of the situation, and by moulding his leadership style. It is impossible to comment which leadership style is the best, but it can be easily said that leadership has to be a synergy of two or many styles to better accommodate the mission and vision of the organization and take the company on the path of increased business momentum ensuring sustainability at all times. References Antonakis, J., Day, D. V. (Eds.). (2017). The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Beck, D. E., Cowan, C. (2014). Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change. John Wiley Sons. Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2017). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Cashman, K. (2017). Leadership from the inside out: Becoming a leader for life. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Collinson, D. (2014). Dichotomies, dialectics and dilemmas: New directions for critical leadership studies?. Leadership, 10(1), 36-55. DuBrin, A. J. (2015). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Goleman, D. (2017). Leadership That Gets Results (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Heifetz, R., Linsky, M. (2017). Leadership on the Line, With a New Preface: Staying Alive Through the Dangers of Change. Harvard Business Press. Johnson, C. E. (2017). Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications. Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W. (2016). Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Komives, S. R. (2016). Leadership for a better world: Understanding the social change model of leadership development. John Wiley Sons. Lussier, R. N., Achua, C. F. (2015). Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Northouse, P. G. (2018). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Renz, D. O., Herman, R. D. (Eds.). (2016). The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John Wiley Sons. Tourish, D. (2014). Leadership, more or less? A processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory. Leadership, 10(1), 79-98. Verba, S. (2015). Small groups and political behavior: A study of leadership. Princeton University Press. Ward, J. (2016). Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Springer.

Versailles Effect On Germany Essays - Treaty Of Versailles

Versailles Effect On Germany The Treaty of Versailles: Prelude to WWII The Treaty of Versailles was not a justified treaty, which created German feelings of revenge and dislike towards the victorious countries. This feeling of revenge felt by Germany, in addition with the social atmosphere of Europe, led to a Second World War in the September of 1939, just 11 years after the first World War. People at the time published reports on the unfairness of the treaty. America never ratified the treaty but Britain and France still enforced it. Germany had no choice but to sign the unfair document and it was only a matter of time before things turned for the worse. We must examine the background, clauses, and effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany and Europe to understand how it helped cause WWII. Then, when you look at the situation the treaty created for Europe, we can see how WWII came about. The war had left Europe in shambles. WWI ended on November 11, 1918, leaving millions of European soldiers dead and injured. Large areas of Belgium and France had been devastated and two of Europes most powerful countries, Germany and Austria-Hungary, were defeated and exhausted. All the European countries were now bankrupt from the cost of waging a war for four years. Germany had not been defeated, but knew that if it continued to fight war against the strong American army, defeat in Berlin would result. Because Germany had surrendered, her only option was to either sign the treaty, or else go back to war again, which would inevitably result in defeat. The Treaty was unexpectedly harsh, though, despite the fact Germany hadnt been defeated, she had merely surrendered. Germany was forced to agree that it was guilty of starting the war. This clause was the most insulting and damaging clause for it blatantly and wrongly accused Germany of being the sole cause of war, and this enabled the other clauses to be severe as she was now to pay for the whole of WWI. The second clause was that Germany had to disarm. The effects of this clause were: the army was to be limited to 100,000 men; conscription and much prided submarines and aircraft (the allies thought that without an air force Germany couldnt ever go to war) were to be banned; the navy was limited to six battleships (no Dreadnoughts); and the Rhineland was to become a demilitarized- zone. This was emotional for the Germans since they had had such a strong army and were forced to sink their prided Dreadnoughts. This emotional loss created resentment towards the allies and was the first clause for Hitler to undo. The reparation clause was an unjust clause, for the amount was excessively much, as said by many people at the time. Germany had to pay severe reparations, imposed to help the damaged countries rebuild after the war, at the amount of $5 billion due May 1, 1921.9 The leading British economist, John Maynard Keynes, published a book, before the increase in reparations to $32.5 billion by 1963, warning that the treaties would prevent the European economy recovering from the war damage. Germany had hardly enough money to pay the original amount, and, inevitably, great inflation occurred, destroying the economy and causing unemployment and starvation. Furthermore, another clause of the treaty was that the territory of Germany had to be greatly reduced. Britain and France had been malicious and were shortsighted by demanding Germanys money while taking away the territory that could provide the money. In this clause Germany lost 13% of its territory, containing 7.3 million people, and all of her overseas colonies, ending her empire. Germany had lost her main coal producing territories of Upper Silesia and the Saarland. In 1913, 139 million tons of coal were used in Germany for railroads, utilities, fuel, and agriculture; the Saarland and Upper Silesia had accounted for 60.8 million tons of this. With more than half of Germanys coal taken away, they didnt have enough coal to power the populated industrial country. With industry destroyed there was no way they could pay the reparations. Germany had made proposals dealing with the territorial decisions and reparations; they were willing to give up Alsace-Lorraine

adult education Essay Example

adult education Essay Example adult education Essay adult education Essay Adult education is the process whereby adults engage in systematic and sustained learning activities in order to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values. Adult education can take place in the workplace, through extension school (e. g. , Harvard Extension) or school of continuing education (e. g. , Columbia School of Continuing Education). Other learning places include community colleges, folk high schools, colleges and universities, libraries, and lifelong learning centers. The practice may also include Training and Development which is often associated with rofessional development. Adult education has also been referred to as andragogy (to distinguish it from pedagogy). Educating adults differs from educating children in several ways. One of the most important differences is that adults have accumulated knowledge and work experience which can add to the learning experience. Another difference is that most adult education is voluntary, therefore, the participants are generally self-motivated. Adults frequently apply their knowledge in a practical fashion to learn effectively. They must have a reasonable expectation that the nowledge they gain will help them further their goals. For example, during the 1990s, many adults, including mostly office workers, enrolled in computer training courses. These courses would teach basic use of the operating system or specific application software. Due to the fact that the abstractions governing the users interactions with a PC were so new, many people who had been working white-collar jobs for ten years or more eventually took such training courses, either at their own whim (to gain computer skills and thus earn higher pay) or at the behest of their managers. In the United States, a more general example is when adults who dropped out of high school return to school to complete general education requirements. Most upwardly mobile positions require at the very least a high school diploma or equivalent. A working adult is unlikely to have the freedom to simply quit his or her Job and go back to school full-time. Public school systems and community colleges usually offer evening or weekend classes for this reason. In Europe this is often referred to as second-chance, and many schools offer tailor-made courses and learning programs for these returning learners.

The Importance of Marketing in the Twenty-First Century Essay

The Importance of Marketing in the Twenty-First Century - Essay Example This will be explained better with the help of material available in text books such as the one written by Baines, Fill and Page (2008) and a few concepts from other books such as Principles of Marketing by Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong. Pepsi is a carbonated drink that was developed in the United States of America as Brad’s drink in 1898 and in its existence, of more than a century; it changed its name twice. First change resulted in Pepsi Cola and then finally Pepsi. The trademark received recognition in 1902. There have been various Pepsi variants produced over the years, as will be discussed shortly. Many changes in the marketing strategy have taken place from the very beginning including in the change of its logo design. Currently, Pepsi has a share of 43.9% in the beverage industry in the USA. As explained by Philip Kotler, in his book Marketing Principles, marketing environment is a set of conditions that either directly or indirectly affect the performance of a brand or a product. These include various factors such as government regulation, culture, social factors and many others. Pepsi is a global product that is marketed throughout the world. Though it does not change its product but does alter other marketing strategies. It is important to discuss two factors here. Firstly, due to increased consumer protection and awareness amongst individuals, Pepsi had to become more conscious about its product’s ingredients and other related quality measures with respect to that. Another aspect of the environment is the competition that they face. The fiercest competition comes from the side of Coca Cola. Although, it is more expensive but still it is the second largest carbonated beverage with a market share of nearly 30.9% in USA. Other competition comes from Nestle fresh juices and now also Red Bull. However, they are not that close behind. Some people have a perception that established brands such as Pepsi do

News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

News - Essay Example Allegedly several secrets were established and the worst trouble ensued when the public came to know the fact that she possible had known about the attack of US embassy in Libya without sharing the delicate information with the relevant authorities, this amounted to the Benghazi case on an attack on the U.S. embassy (Collinson, 2015). Fox Network news also aired another controversial story on Clinton. The broadcast network placed the story as a second airing. It entailed the claims that a gentleman named George Stephanopoulos had donated to the benevolent Clinton foundation. The donations, however, were undisclosed to the public. That instigated controversial questions surrounding the probable intents of the whole act. The airing was brief as compared to the CNN’s case (it took six minutes). From this observation, it is notable that both the broadcasts had stories in their headlines about Hillary Clinton, which were interestingly controversial and detrimental to her reputation. George Stephanopoulos had served in the Bill Clinton presidential campaign in 1992 and even held some top positions in the administration including being the spokesperson and senior advisor of Bill Clinton. This story was viewed as more credible as compared to the previous case where the public had claimed that the emails had nothin g incriminating against the former first lady. In a second CNN coverage, it aired a planned nationwide memorial day despite the death of 17 bikers who died in the supposedly biker shoot out in Waco, Texas between rival groups (Karimi, 2015). The news lasted for about 8 minutes. The news portrayed the bikers as a violent and unlawful lot that threatened public peace. On the dreadful day set to honor the fallen soldiers of the Second World War, the bikers threatened to honor the17 lost lives of their fellows (Karimi, 2015). The bikers had promised to hold motorcycles’ rallies in a manner to honor their fallen mates.

Ethical Issues in the Professions and Business Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues in the Professions and Business Essay Professionals and other business personalities all share a common ground of responsibility towards that people that they particularly aim to serve. As individuals handling several procedures of servicing the society, it is undeniable that professionals follow a certain line of responsibilities that lead them towards the procedures of being able to complete the said tasks that they have towards the society that they are serving. To make the discussion concise, there are three major sets of responsibilities that each professional should give attention to. A) The Journalists Each member of the society has his or her own values in life that must be served by journalists. As for a fact, people are rightfully given the chance to know what is happening in the society around them. However, when they are involved in the issues presented by the media, whether they are from the local sectors of the society or that of the well-known personalities, they are entitled to having their own privacy and this too should be well guarded by journalists in their process of presenting the truth to the public. On the contrary, the aim of the institutions that journalists are serving such as media networks is to present as many credible facts as possible. To make the ends meet, it is important for the journalists to measure the impact of the society and their company as well towards their professional being. B) The Teachers Teachers are primarily expected to render service that is connected to sharing knowledge. It lies in their hands the wide possibilities of coming up with effective procedures of handling the needs of their students. The institutions that they are serving however aim for enrolling as many students that the institution could cater to. It is then in the discretion of the teacher on how he or she could be able to give the students the education that they need though applying a process that could cater to a huge number of students in an effective manner. C) The Lawyers It is the service of providing justice to all, that lawyers are particularly expected to render to the society.   Undeniably, the values of the society in this manner are to be highly considered. Serving the truth to those who need to know it and to those who need to be free is the key role that lawyers portray in the arena of justice provision. Once the lawyers are faced with a case that needs to be solved, whether they are in the defendants or the accused side, they must recognize the fact that they are there to render the truth to whoever is entitled to receive it.

Americans and Agriculture :: Agricultural Education Farming Essays Papers

Americans and Agriculture Works Cited Missing Agriculture is not all work and no play. Many advances can be made in the understanding of agriculture by making available a variety of methods to provide children with a hands-on experience and also educating all individuals about the importance of the practice. The ignorance of urban communities can be overcome with the help of organizations and people within the community. School visits, hands-on experiences, volunteers and organizations are just a few examples of the steps that can be taken to educate Americans about agriculture and close the gap between rural and urban populations. Agriculture is the science and practice of producing crops and livestock. The primary aim of agriculture is to use the land to produce more abundantly to feed and clothe the world at the same time protecting it from deterioration or misuse. Humans had to improve agriculture as they became more dependent on food, creating a solitary evolutionary connection between plants and animals (Campbell and Reece, 2001). In this day and age, so many people have forgotten the authentic premises of survival. It is easy for some to believe that the grocery stores produce food and clothing is produced by shopping centers. These inaccurate presumptions are being made due to the lack of knowledge of how agriculture truly works. There are also significant differences in the levels of understanding between rural and urban communities. As doubts of economic possibilities of farming and ranching continue to decline, the true farmer still respects their land and practices. The general stereotype of farmers and ranchers is poor stewardship. Historically, hunters and farmers were more interested environmentalists than compared with the liberal, urban vegetarians of today. However both share the same conditions for living and breathing. This creates confusion between needing and wanting within a typical household (Kingsolver, 2003). An easy answer to the problem is to provide proper education. Educating the young is the best way to get a point across and ensure that the America of tomorrow is less ignorant than the America of today. Children are eager to learn new things and are the best tool to promote agriculture (Robinson, 2005). There are many methods that can be made available to people of all ages, especially children, to increase their knowledge about agriculture.

How Humanitarian Logistics Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian Supply Chains

Howden How Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian Logistics How Humanitarian Logistics Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian Supply Chains: A View from the Field Michael Howden Humanitarian Consultant michael. [email  protected] com ABSTRACT Humanitarian logistics represents a broad range of activities taking place within humanitarian organizations, the bulk of these activities are also components of a broader humanitarian supply chain – the network involved with providing physical aid to beneficiaries.Humanitarian logistics information systems improve information flows, which integrates logistics units more efficiently with non-logistics units within the humanitarian supply chains and provides better feedback to donors, ensuring more effective operations. Humanitarian logistics activities occur across the disaster management cycle. Humanitarian logistics information systems not only improve logistics activities in each phase, but can improve the continuity of h umanitarian operations by sharing information throughout the transition of different disaster management cycle phases.Through collaboration between organizations, humanitarian logistics information systems also have the potential to reduce corruption and the market distortion which can occur during humanitarian operations. Keywords Humanitarian Operations, Logistics, Supply Chain Management, Information Systems, Disasters, Disaster Management AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY Michael Howden completed a Bachelor of Computer Systems Engineering from the University of Auckland and originally worked as a software engineer in New Zealand.He has worked for International Rescue Committee in Indonesia, Pakistan and Uganda developing and implementing their global logistics database ProLogs and for Save the Children US in Indonesia, developing logistics software and systems which were components of a broader supply chain management system. INTRODUCTION Within humanitarian operations logistics is requ ired to procure, store and distribute supplies for the assistance of beneficiaries. In order to function effectively humanitarian logistics must coordinate with other actors and be considered throughout the lifespan of humanitarian operations.This paper will explore how humanitarian logistics information systems can: 1. Integrate logistics units into the broader humanitarian supply chain throughout the organization. 2. Enhance logistics activities and provide continuous support across the preparedness, response, transition, recovery and mitigation phases of disaster management cycle. 3. Create new possibilities for collaboration between humanitarian organizations. In these ways humanitarian logistics information systems can also improve the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian operations.HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE HUMANIATARIAN SUPPLY CHAIN Humanitarian Logistics Humanitarian organizations can include government agencies such as United States Agency fo r International Development (USAID) and the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), multilateral agencies such as the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Food Program (WFP), non-government organizations (NGOs) such as Save the Children and Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) and members of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.Many humanitarian Proceedings of the 6th International ISCRAM Conference – Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2009 J. Landgren and S. Jul, eds. Howden How Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian Logistics organizations will engage in long term development activities as well as disaster management activities supporting people affected by disasters. This paper will only discuss humanitarian logistics as it is applied in disaster management. Humanitarian organizations usually include logistic units which can have different functions depending on the organizations or even the disaster and can include: Procurement †¢ Warehousing †¢ Fleet Management †¢ Transportation (of both supplies and people) †¢ Asset Management †¢ Building Management †¢ Security †¢ Information Technology (IT) †¢ Radio Communications Humanitarian operations consist of a diverse range of activities, therefore logistics in this context can have a broader scope than in the commercial sector. Areas such as security and IT may be considered under logistics due to respective military or technical experience of logisticians, either currently or historically within an organization.Humanitarian Supply Chains In this paper a humanitarian supply chain refers to the network created through the flow of supplies, services, finances and information between donors, beneficiaries, suppliers and different units of humanitarian organizations for the purpose of providing physical aid to beneficiaries (Mentzer et al. 2001). Humanitarian supply chains include functionalities whic h do not typically fall into the field of humanitarian logistics.Managing relationships with donors, performing needs assessments, planning for supplies required and monitoring and evaluating the impact of distributed supplies, are usually the responsibility of non-logistics program units. Figure 1 presents a summary of the major flows within both humanitarian supply chains and humanitarian logistics. Proceedings of the 6th International ISCRAM Conference – Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2009 J. Landgren and S. Jul, eds. Howden How Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian Logistics Figure 1.Humanitarian Logistics and Humanitarian Supply Chain Flows This paper will focus on the value of information systems for logistic units of NGOs within the humanitarian supply chain. Integrating Logistics into Supply Chain Management With the exception of organizations which specialize in disaster response or distribution, such as Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) and World Food Program (WFP) res pectively, the core business of humanitarian organizations tend towards health, education, protection and economic development.Logistics units are only considered as a function to support these activities of humanitarian organizations. Logistics units have traditionally been marginalized within organizations (Rickard, 2003) and logisticians have been â€Å"pigeonholed† in the field, making it hard to move into management positions (Chaikin, 2003). This has contributed to a silo mentality in regards to logistics within humanitarian organizations. Better integrating logistics with other units within the organization will form stronger humanitarian supply chains.In order to integrate logistics into broader humanitarian supply chains, a clear distinction is required between the two. In Indonesia, one major NGO moved all logistics functionality into a supply chain management unit. In the terms logistics and supply chain management are used interchangeably (Rickard, 2006) and perso nal discussions with humanitarian professional have revealed the there is not a clear distinction between the terms logistics and supply change management, and some have regarded any differences are semantics.In literature on humanitarian organizations there is a shift from logistics to supply chain management (Thomas and Kopczak, 2005) Humanitarian supply chains include units implementing programs, managing grants with donors, controlling budgets and monitoring activities which must coordinate with logistics units. Humanitarian supply chains cannot be built by solely increasing the capacity or responsibility of individual units, but are formed by Proceedings of the 6th International ISCRAM Conference – Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2009 J. Landgren and S. Jul, eds. HowdenHow Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian Logistics the creation of stronger links between units within the supply chain. Humanitarian logistics information systems can improve the flow of information with other units, in a mutually constructive manner, improving the effectiveness of the humanitarian supply chain. Humanitarian logistics information systems can: †¢ Enhance needs assessments by ensuring that field staff know what supplies are available for beneficiaries, either in local warehouses, pre-positioned emergency stocks or from local and international markets. Share lists of supplies available in both local and international markets, including prices and lead times, logisticians to empower program staff to better plan their procurement activities. †¢ Keep program staff informed of procurement activities will help to develop an understanding of the constraints within logistics and create trust. †¢ Provide budget holder more accurate financial information regarding funds which are committed within the procurement process, to avoid the over or under spending of budgets. †¢Provide warehouse inventory reports to program staff to allow them to take more responsib ility for their supplies, and ensure that they are utilized effectively. †¢ Share information on the distribution of supplies to allow program staff to better monitor and evaluate activities and avoid the need for duplicate record keeping between logistics and programs. †¢ More accurately divide logistics overhead costs such as warehouse rental, transportation and logistic staff wages into program budgets according to the activities logistics is supporting.Information empowers program units to become more engaged consumers of logistic services. In this way information systems can integrate logistics into humanitarian supply chains and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of humanitarian operations. The improved information flow from humanitarian logistics information systems will also contribute to the overall effectiveness of the humanitarian operation. The Value of Information in the Humanitarian Supply Chain Information plays a significant role in humanitarian suppl y chains.In humanitarian supply chains is that the end recipient of aid (the beneficiary) is decoupled from the commercial transaction and has no direct influence over what supplies they receive (Gray and Oloruntob, 2006). The key decision makers within the humanitarian supply chain are the donors who are funding the operation and many NGOs regard the donor as the customer in the humanitarian supply chain (Beamon and Balcik, 2006). In commercial supply chains, the end recipient decides what supplies they require, and fulfillment can be easily evaluated by monitoring the receipt of these supplies.In humanitarian operations as supplies are determined by external assessments of the needs of the beneficiary, evaluating fulfillment become more difficult, as additional analysis must be done to determine if these needs have been met by the supplies. Figure 2. Donors, Humanitarian Organizations and Beneficiaries within the Humanitarian Supply Chain Humanitarian logistics information systems can provide accurate and timely information on what supplies are required, what supplies have been delivered to beneficiaries and in which locations.With this information Proceedings of the 6th International ISCRAM Conference – Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2009 J. Landgren and S. Jul, eds. Howden How Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian Logistics evaluation units should be able to determine if those supplies have met the needs of the beneficiary. This feedback ensures that donors and humanitarian organizations are engaged and responsive to the beneficiaries, and supporting aid according to the beneficiaries needs.HUMANITARIAN LOGISITCS IN THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE Response, Transition, Recovery, Mitigation and Preparedness The operations of humanitarian organizations in disaster management can be separated into four major phases: response, recovery, mitigation and preparedness (Haddow and Bullock, 2004). During humanitarian operations there will be overlap between act ivities from different phases, and a separate transition phase can be considered between the response and recovery phase (Asian Development Bank, 2004).Humanitarian supply chains must provide supplies to beneficiaries in each of these phases (Kovacs and Spens, 2007) and these activities require logistic support (Perry, 2007), although the volume, variety of supplies and urgency will change according to the phase. Humanitarian logistics information systems improve the effectiveness of logistics units throughout the disaster management cycle and can provide continuity throughout the phases. Figure 3. Disaster Management Cycle (Haddow and Bullock, 2004). PreparednessThe preparedness phase involves building the capacity to respond to a disaster, such as working with communities to ensure they know evacuation options, pre-positioning emergency response supplies and building organizational capacity to respond to disasters. These activities are ongoing and are implemented prior to the onse t of a crisis. Pre-positioned emergency response supplies tend to be less varied, as they are specific life supporting items, such as food, medical supplies, water and sanitation equipment, shelter, household kits, etc.The necessities of life are less dependent on the social, cultural or economic context of the disaster, therefore it is easier to standardize the supplies required. Also, because it is not known if these supplies will be available in local markets, or if markets may be disrupted by the disasters, they will need to be procured internationally. Both Medecins Sans Frontieres and the Red Cross have standard catalogues of items for emergency response. These items can be procured internationally, with pre-existing arrangements with vendors, and are also pre-positioned in warehouses globally, ready to be deployed. Chomilier, Samii van Wassenhove, 2003; Coyne, 2006). Organizationally NGOs need to ensure that they not only have staff trained to respond to emergencies, but that they have the systems and process in place to support these staff. 80% of the disaster response phase consists of Proceedings of the 6th International ISCRAM Conference – Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2009 J. Landgren and S. Jul, eds. Howden How Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian Logistics logistics activities (Kovacs and Spens, 2007) therefore in the preparedness phase organizations should focus on building the capacity of logistics units. ResponseThe response phase occurs immediately after the disaster, and activities are focused primarily on saving lives and preventing further damage. Humanitarian operations are most reliant on logistics during the response phase as they distribute food, medical supplies and other necessities of life to affected populations, and lives will be dependent on the speed of logistics activities. The response phase may last from days to months, depending on the scale of the disaster. While the humanitarian logistics is most significant durin g the response phase, it is important to consider its role throughout the entire disaster management phase.Transition During the transition phase NGOs begin to look at providing ongoing assistance, such as temporary shelter and revitalizing basic social services (ref ADB). NGOs will also plan strategically to transition from implementing response activities to longer term recovery and mitigation programs. Logistics activities, such as identifying suppliers to in either local or international markets to provide supplies for longer term programs, ensure a smooth transition. Recovery The recovery phase involves aiding communities to return to their conditions prior to the disaster.These activities may include training people and distributing supplies for livelihood building, reconstructing houses, buildings and infrastructure and may be carried out over a period of months to years. Across both the recovery and following mitigation phases the supplies are no longer essential for the liv es of affected population and are therefore no longer required at such a high rate or with such short lead times. The activities across these phases are largely dependent on the social, cultural, economic and geographical conditions of the affected communities. These may vary hugely between different disasters.Humanitarian organizations supported fishermen affected by 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami by distributing new boats and fishing equipment whereas the needs of landlocked communities recovering from 2005 Kashmir Earthquake were quite different. Humanitarian organizations will also attempt to procure supplies locally in order to support local communities and avoid flooding local markets through the influx of external supplies. The recovery phase represents a significant proportion of the duration and funding of a humanitarian operation and may last from 5-10 years (ADB reference).In April 2005 the Government of Indonesia established a 5 year time frame for reconstruction after the In dian Ocean Tsunami, and activities are still ongoing at the start of 2009, indicating the long duration of the recovery phase. Recovery phase activities such as reconstruction and distributing supplies are essential for restoring the lives of affected people and require significant logistic support. Mitigation Mitigation involves increasing the resilience of communities to natural hazards to reduce the impact of disasters they cause. According to the specific vulnerability of the community these activities may include lanting mangroves to protect coastlines against cyclones, constructing dams and reinforcing buildings. Humanitarian organizations implementing these activities will require logistics support, although not typically at as large a scale as in the other phases. Proceedings of the 6th International ISCRAM Conference – Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2009 J. Landgren and S. Jul, eds. Howden How Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian Logistics Summary Phase Preparedness Response Transition Recovery Mitigation Period Long Term Continuous Days – Months Months – Years Long Term Continuous Logistics Volume Low High Medium Low SuppliesRequired Specific standard supplies prepositioned for disaster response Specific standard supplies: Food, medical supplies, water and sanitation equipment, shelter, household kits, etc. Varied supplies depending on the context of the disaster: reconstruction material, livelihoods equipment Varied supplies Urgency Low High: Lead times for supplies can make the difference between life and death. Medium: There may be government and donor pressure to complete recovery activities Low Procurement of Supplies Local International Local-International Local Table 1. Humanitarian Logistics Throughout the Disaster Management CycleHumanitarian organizations are required to provide physical aid to beneficiary throughout the disaster management cycle. Although these activities differ in volume, variety of supplies and urge ncy, there is enough commonality that standard processes and systems can be used by logistics units throughout the disaster management cycle. This avoids the overhead of developing multiple standards and implementing new systems when transitioning between phases. It is therefore important to consider humanitarian logistics as operating in each of the phases of the disaster management cycle. Humanitarian Logistics beyond the Response PhaseA large amount of literature on humanitarian logistics and supply chain management focuses on the response phase of a disaster and pre-positioning of supplies done in the preparedness phase (Beamon, 2004; Beamon and Balcik, 2008; Maspero and Ittman, 2008; Oloruntoba, 2007; Rodman, 2004; Thomas, 2003; Thomas et al, 2005). This could be influenced by a number of factors: †¢ This is the phase in which logistics plays the largest role in proportion to the humanitarian operation. †¢ The key focus of the response phase is the preservation of liv es therefore improved logistics can be directly linked to lives saved.During other phases of disaster management, the outputs become more varied, such as providing trainings to teachers and medical professionals. Therefore impacts, such as better education levels and healthcare in communities harder to measure. †¢ The disaster response is the phase that creates the most media coverage, therefore may be the phase which experts outside of the humanitarian domain get the most exposure to and are most familiar with. Media coverage could also create a perception of more status with disaster response. This paper has shown that the field of humanitarian logistics is more broadly focused than just disaster response.More focus needs to be placed on the role of humanitarian logistics in the transition, recovery and mitigation phases of disaster management. It could be argued that humanitarian organizations already have a higher capacity for disaster response than for disaster recovery. I n Indonesia the Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Agency (BRR) claimed that in the response to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: â€Å"No one died of starvation, there were no deaths due to a lack of medical care or disease, law and order was maintained and major infrastructure—including telecommunications and electricity—was restored within a few weeks time. In contrast during the recovery phase there have been delays, underperformance and corruption. Humanitarian logistics information systems can improve logistics activities in each of the phases of disaster management and also help to provide continuity to logistics operations throughout the disaster management cycle. Proceedings of the 6th International ISCRAM Conference – Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2009 J. Landgren and S. Jul, eds. Howden How Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian LogisticsHumanitarian Logistics Information Systems across the Disaster Management Cycle Humanitarian logistics information sys tems must be able to operate across the entire disaster management cycle. In order to be applicable for all phases, they must be scalable to manage the large volumes of supplies during the response phase, as well as the high diversity of supplies across the recovery and mitigation phases and manage the flow of information from the preparedness phase to the response phase, and during the transition phase.A single humanitarian logistics information system which integrates information from all phases within the disaster management cycle will assist an organization in the complex task of transitioning their activities between the different phases. Preparedness NGOs prepare for disasters by pre-positioning emergency response supplies. It is equally important to implement humanitarian logistics information systems which can be utilized by logisticians responding to disasters.Logisticians must be trained to use these information systems and simulations should be run in preparation for thei r use in disaster response. Humanitarian logistics information systems should also be used to record what emergency response supplies are available at the onset of the disaster. In response to Cyclone Nagris in Myanmar one major NGO was better able to more efficiently send air shipment of emergency prepositioned supplies by having maintained records of the their volume and weight.This allowed the logistician to arrange the optimal charter flights required to transport the supplies. Response Humanitarian logistics information systems can eliminate the need for duplicate data entry and offer more timely and accurate information during the response phase (Lee and Zbinden, 2003). This not only increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the disaster response, but also assists in later phases of the disaster management cycle. After the response to the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake one NGO had a number of emergency response supplies remaining.However, due to a lack of proper information syste ms, it was unknown which donor funded the items, and what the donor’s regulations were regarding their use. As a result, they were unable to be distributed in response to flooding in Pakistan the following year. Where warehouse inventory reports are not maintained, it is common for surplus stock from emergency response not to be utilized and to go to waste. Transition Once the response phase is complete, humanitarian logistics information systems will enable organizations to know what supplies have been distributed, and what supplies are remaining.This will allow them to utilize surplus supplies in recovery activities or return them to pre-positioned stock and know what supplies were required, to better plan for the next disaster response. The transition phase will also typically involve the replacement of short term emergency response teams with longer term staff. If information regarding what supplies are currently stored in warehouses is not recorded, it may be forgotten a s staff leave, and the supplies may remain unutilized.Humanitarian logistics information systems can ensure that new staff are aware of what supplies are currently available, so they are able to utilize them. Recovery The recovery phase takes place over a period of years, which offers enough time for conditions to stabilize, and also the availability of funding, for humanitarian organizations to plan strategically and develop information systems. During disaster response humanitarian logistics operate in a realm of uncertainties and rapidly changing conditions. This is not an appropriate environment to develop, test or implement new systems.There are already enough unknown variables present, without introducing new systems or software, which may contain bugs or functionality which needs refining. Implementing new systems requires the investment of time and resources, and doing this during a disaster response will detract from the primary goal of the humanitarian operation – s aving lives. Developing humanitarian logistics information systems during the recovery phase provides the opportunity to involve the staff of the organization, which is essential, as the solution will be more appropriate to their needs and they will have ownership over it.New systems can be implemented through trainings and simulations, however it is more effective as having systems which have implemented within the operations of the organization and socialized with staff in the field. In this respect the recovery phase can offer a suitable environment to develop and test new information systems for humanitarian logistics which can then be applied to disaster response activities. In 2007 one major NGO developed a warehouse database in Indonesia to support their recovery activities following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.In September 2007, they were able to deploy the same database in Proceedings of the 6th International ISCRAM Conference – Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2009 J. Land gren and S. Jul, eds. Howden How Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian Logistics response to an earthquake in Indonesia. A staff member who was already using the database to manage supplies for the tsunami recovery effort was then easily able to use it to manage the distribution of emergency supplies in the area due to their familiarity with the system. MitigationAlthough logistics activities occur at a lower scale during the mitigation phase such as the procurement of supplies to reinforce buildings, it is important to ensure that humanitarian logistics information systems are still utilized by organizations, to ensure that they become standard practice with logistics units. This continuous use will institutionalize the systems within the organization and ensure the sustainability of their use across the disaster management cycle. HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS INFORMATION SYSTEMS BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONSHumanitarian supply chains could be viewed more widely to include the multiple org anizations providing physical aid to beneficiaries in the same region. Humanitarian logistics information systems have the potential to enable better information sharing between organizations which can enhance the overall humanitarian operation (King, 2005). One area which could be improved by information systems is local procurement. Procurement is vulnerable to corruption through collusion between organization staff and vendors and the payment of bribes to choose specific vendors.Analysis of procurement data is capable of revealing trends and irregularities, indicative of corruption, such as consistently purchasing from specific vendors or certain purchasers always receiving higher than average quotes. This analysis would be more effective using procurement data from different humanitarian organizations in the same region, as comparisons could be made between prices, to monitor if one organization is paying significant more for similar items, which could indicate corruption within that organization.Humanitarian organizations often rely on local markets to provide supplies, however the large amount of purchasing activity following a disaster can often lead to inflation over supply and stock-outs. Complex analysis of purchasing trends from multiple humanitarian organizations, and improved information sharing with local vendors, could mitigate this, by spreading requirements over multiple vendors and informing them of expected demand. This could also allow humanitarian organizations to sustainably support and stimulate local markets.Although there are many challenges in encouraging collaboration between humanitarian organizations, better humanitarian logistics information systems could facilitate collaboration by creating more incentives to do so. CONCLUSION Humanitarian logistics units are actors in a broader humanitarian supply chain and information systems can help to build logistics capacity of while also building better links with other units, better integ rating logistics in the humanitarian supply chain.Humanitarian logistics information systems can improve the effectiveness of humanitarian supply chains by providing timely and accurate information regarding what supplies are required and have been delivered, enabling donors to be more responsive to the needs of beneficiaries. Humanitarian logistics operates across the disaster management cycle. Humanitarian logistics information systems can improve logistics activities in each of the phases and also help to provide continuity to humanitarian operations throughout the entire cycle.Humanitarian logistics information systems could also provide opportunities for better corruption prevention and market control through collaboration between different humanitarian organizations. Humanitarian logistics information systems can strengthen logistics units and integrate them with other units and across to the disaster management cycle to create more efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian supply chains REFERENCES 1. Asian Development Bank (2004) Disaster and Emergency Assistance Policy, At: http://www. adb. rg/Documents/Policies/Disaster_Emergency/Disaster_Emergency. pdf, accessed 20 February 2009 2. Beamon, B. M. (2004), Humanitarian relief chains: issues and challenges, Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering, San Francisco, CA. 3. Beamon, B. M. and Balcik, B. (2008) Performance measurement in humanitarian relief chains, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 21, 1, 4-25 Proceedings of the 6th International ISCRAM Conference – Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2009 J. Landgren and S. Jul, eds. HowdenHow Information Systems Can Improve Humanitarian Logistics 4. Chomilier, B. , Samii, R. and van Wassenhove, L. (2003) The central role of supply chain management at IFRC, Forced Migration Review, 18, 18-19. 5. Coyne, J. (2006) Humanitarian Logistics: Musing Aloud, Monday Developments, 24, 20, 12-13. 6. Gray, R a nd Oloruntoba, R (2006) Humanitarian aid: an agile supply chain? , Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 11, 2, 115–120 7. Haddow, G. D. and Bullock J. A. (2004) Introduction to Emergency Management, ButterworthHeinemann, Amsterdam 8. King, D. 2005), Humanitarian Knowledge Management, Proceedings of the Second International ISCRAM Conference, Brussels, Belgium, 1-6 9. Kovacs, G. and Spens, K. M. (2007) Humanitarian logistics in disaster relief operations, International Journal of Physical, 37, 2, 99-114 10. Maspero, E. L. and Ittman, H. W. (2008) The rise of humanitarian logistics, 27th Annual Southern African Transport Conference 2008, South Africa. 11. Mentzer, J. T. , DeWitt, W. , Keebler, J. S. , Min, S. , Nix, N. W. Smith, C. D. and Zacharia, Z. G. (2001) Defining Supply Chain Management, Journal of Business Logistics 22,2 12.Oloruntoba, R (2007) Bringing Order Out Of Disorder: Exploring Complexity in Relief Supply Chains, Proceedings 2nd International Confe rence on Operations and Supply Chain Management: Regional and Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Bangkok, Thailand. 13. Perry , M. (2007) Natural disaster management planning A study of logistics managers responding to the tsunami, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 37, 5, 409-433 14. Rickard, J. (2003) A logistician’s plea, Forced Migration Review, 18, 9. 15. Rickard, J. (2006) Humanitarian Logistics: Musing Aloud, Monday Developments, 24, 20, 6-7. 6. Rodman, W. K. (2004) Supply Chain Management in Humanitarian Relief Logistics, Thesis, Department of Operational Sciences, Air Force Institute of Technology, Air University 17. Thomas, A. (2003). Humanitarian Logistics: Enabling Disaster Response, The Fritz Institute. 18. Thomas, A. and Kopczak, L. (2005) From Logistics to Supply Chain Management: The path forward in the humanitarian sector, Technical Report, Fritz Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA. Proceedings of the 6th Internati onal ISCRAM Conference – Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2009 J. Landgren and S. Jul, eds.

Evaluation Of The Public Health Services Provided By My...

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